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Course offering Spring 2014

Course offering Spring 2014. BIOL 4970/7970, 1 credit Coral Reef Biology. Meet each week for an hour to discuss a chapter from a recent book on coral reefs No exams! Course meeting time based on student schedules Prerequisites:

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Course offering Spring 2014

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  1. Course offering Spring 2014 BIOL 4970/7970, 1 credit Coral Reef Biology Meet each week for an hour to discuss a chapter from a recent book on coral reefs No exams! Course meeting time based on student schedules Prerequisites: BIOL 3040 Biology of Marine Systems BIOL 3060 Principles of Ecology OR: permission of instructor Required text: Sheppard CRC, Davy SK, Pilling GM. 2009. The Biology of Coral Reefs. Oxford University Press. [$40 used on Amazon.com] Contact: Nanette Chadwick chadwick@auburn.edu

  2. Overexploitation, Invasive species, Disease (Ch. 10) ConBio

  3. Maximum Sustainable Yield What is this? 1870

  4. Maximum Sustainable Yield • Defn: Greatest amount resource harvested without damage BIOL 3060 review: pop’n growth models ______________ growth ________________ growth

  5. Maximum Sustainable Yield • Defn: Greatest amount resource harvested without damage • Ymax= r B/4 • Ymax= max. sust. yield • r = rmax (BIOL 3060 review) • B = maximum biomass habitat can support (like carrying capacity) Low #s Comp. Low #s Comp. Problems?

  6. Maximum Sustainable Yield Orange roughy • Problems: • Lack info biology (Ex: orange roughy) • Politics (set harvest high) • Coordination b/w countries • Track harvest • Illegal harvest (poaching) • Harvest fixed: environment/species fluctuate Slow maturity, long life Poached fish? Action…

  7. Action? • Political • Individual

  8. Invasive species (Ch. 10) Who am I (lect. 1)? Define?

  9. Invasive Species • Exotic species: outside natural range due to human activities • Invasive species: exotic species that increases in non-native areas at expense native species Ex………

  10. Example invasive U.S. • Red imported fire ant (Mobile, AL 1920s) • Impact on nesting birds (Fig. 10.6), native insects (diversity decline 40%) Fire ants Current + predicted range

  11. Invasive Species • Major problem: • 50% U.S. endangered species • Damage/control costs $137 billion/yr in U.S. IUCN global figure

  12. Invasive Species • Problem: • Estimated exotic species in U.S.: 50,000 and increasing!

  13. Invasive Species • Problem: • #1 current threat U.S. National Parks • If removal impossible: “new natives”) California annual grassland: dominated by invasive annual species

  14. Invasive Species • Problem: • Introgression (hybridization) • (______________) discussed earlier Who are we? Eastern Afromontane hotspot

  15. How exotics arrive

  16. How exotics arrive • 1) Deliberate release • Ex, European starling • Released New York City, 1890 • Now 200 million across U.S. • Ex,European Brown Trout • Introduced into lakes and streams (genetic assimilation native trout)

  17. How exotics arrive • 2) Agriculture or Horticulture • Escape cultivation • Ex, privet Introduced privet species

  18. How exotics arrive • 3) Accidental transport • Weed seeds: mixed w/ crop seeds • Stowaways • Ex, Dead brown tree snakes on airport runways Hawaii! Ballast…..

  19. How exotics arrive Ballast water discharge in port • 3) Accidental transport • Ex, ship ballast: Soil/water stabilizes ship • North American comb jelly (Phylum Ctenophora) • Eats small fish & fish larvae.

  20. 3) Introduced Black Sea in ballast • Detected 1982 • 1989: 95% biomass in Black Sea • Destroyed $250 million/yr fishery.

  21. How exotics arrive • 4) Biocontrol (cassava mealybug) • Biocontrol gone wrong… • Ex, Compsilura coccinata (parasitic fly) • Introduced to attack gypsy moth • Moth introduced • 1868 (escaped from • person’s yard)

  22. How exotics arrive • Compsilura attacks native moths (>200) • Has caused declines Photo: A different parasitic fly laying eggs in a caterpillar

  23. How exotics arrive • 5) Habitat restoration • Ex, Atlantic cordgrass introduced San Francisco Bay (reestablish salt marshes)

  24. How exotics arrive • 5) Habitat restoration • Hybridized native cordgrass • Hybrid crowding out native plants used by 3 rare song sparrows Alameda song sparrow

  25. Invasives on islands • Island species particularly susceptible: • 1) Lack defenses (ex, flightless birds, ground-nesting birds, succulent plants) • 2) Vulnerable diseases (no immunity) Who am I? (Hint: New Zealand)

  26. Invasives in water • Streams/lakes “islands” isolated by land: susceptible invasives • Ex, sea lamprey (jawless cartilaginous fish: Great Lakes) • Native Atlantic, entered lakes (Erie Canal 1921) What it eats……

  27. Invasives in water • Ectoparasite on fish • Decimated several species (ex, lake trout) • Control measures partly successful

  28. Invasives in water • Famous freshwater invader??

  29. Invasives in water • Ex, zebra mussel (from Caspian Sea) • Colonies encrust surfaces (filter feeders)

  30. Invasives in water • Ex, zebra mussel • 2009 map

  31. Invasives in water • Ex, zebra mussel in Great Lakes • Kills freshwater species • Cleaning water intake pipes: $3.1 billion next 10 yr.

  32. Fighting Invasive Species • 1) Government: Prevent introductions (import regulations), control programs • 2) Science • How control • Understand invasiveness and traits invasives (target potential invasives)

  33. Fighting Invasive Species • 3) WAR: Invasivore movement (eat them)! • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gEIu4l4mNVQ Who am I?

  34. Fighting Invasive Species • 3) WAR: Herbicide ballistic technology!

  35. Traits Invasive Species • Active research area • 1) Traits match human disturbance (“weedy” species) (preadaptation hypothesis)

  36. Traits of Invasive Species • Active research area • 2) Escape competitors, predators, diseases (enemy release hypothesis) • Ex, prickly pear cactus in Australia Introduced 1880s

  37. Traits of Invasive Species • Pest in dry forests

  38. Traits of Invasive Species • Cactoblastis moth • Native S. America

  39. Traits of Invasive Species • Reduced cactus 1000-fold in 2 years. …….

  40. The Dark Side Cactoblastis…. • Moths spread U.S./Mexico? • 31 Opuntia species U.S., >50 Mexico • Moth: FL Keys 1989 • In Louisiana…..

  41. Traits of Invasive Species Red scale • Active research area • 3) Invasives aid each other (“invasional meltdown”). • Ex, CA citrus orchards: Argentine ant tends Asian red scale insect Argentine ants

  42. Traits of Invasive Species • Active research area • 4) Evolution! (adaptation hypothesis) • Ex, Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability (EICA) hypothesis • Triadica sebifera (Chinese tallow tree) • TX trees grow faster, have less defensive chemicals, than Chinese trees

  43. Invasive Species: A silver lining? • Invasive species uses Invasivore!: Gray squirrel in England

  44. Invasive Species: A silver lining? • Ex, rainforest Puerto Rico: 100% forest 1493 • 1940s: 6% forest, 1% undisturbed • Land abandoned 1950s-1960s • African tulip tree • Invaded abandoned pastures

  45. Invasive Species: A silver lining? • Benefits: • 1) Partial recovery native community • 2) Speeds recovery ecosystem function Me & African Tulip Tree Ixtapa Mexico, 2007

  46. Invasive Species: A silver lining? • Tamarisk story Southwestern willow flycatcher (federally endangered) Tamarisk (invasive) Biocontrol beetle See pdf on class webpage about pros/cons invasive species!

  47. Disease (Ch. 10) Defn……

  48. Disease • Debilitating condition of body (or part) Foot in the mouth disease…..

  49. How disease increases • Human-caused changes may increase disease • 1) Habitat changes • Ex, chytridiomycosis & amphibians • Climate change enhances fungus growth • Disease implicated >200 extinctions Southern mountain Yellow-legged frogs

  50. How disease increases • Human-caused changes may increase disease • 2) Increase numbers/effectiveness vectors (agents that transmit disease) Liver fluke life cycle Another kind of vector….. Another (bad) kind of agent…

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