广西医科大学人体解剖教研室

1. Respiratory system 广西医科大学人体解剖教研室

2. nose upper respiratory tract pharynx larynx lower respiratory tract principal bronchi branches of principal bronchi The respiratory system 1. respiratory tract 2. lung/pulmo trachea

3. Section 1 The Nose Section 1 The Nose Section 1 The Nose The external nose Nasal root Nasal back Apex of nose Alae nasi Nares Root of nose Back of nose Apex of nose Alae nasi Nares Root of nose Back of nose Apex of nose Alae nasi Nares Root of nose Back of nose Apex of nose Alae nasi Nares External nose External nose External nose Left nasal cavity Left nasal cavity Left nasal cavity Nasal septum Nasal septum Nasal septum Nasal cavity Nasal cavity Nasal cavity Reft nasal cavity Right nasal cavity Reft nasal cavity Frontal sinuses Maxillary sinuses Ethmoidal sinuses Sphenoidal sinuses Frontal sinuses Maxillary sinuses Ethmoidal sinuses Sphenoidal sinuses Frontal sinuses Maxillary sinuses Ethmoidal sinuses Sphenoidal sinuses Paranasal cavity Paranasal cavity Paranasal cavity Cartilages

4. Nasal cavity Olfactory region Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone Nasal bone Septal cartilage Vomer nasal vestibule lined by skin The part proper nasal cavity lined by mucosa. The mucosa has two region: olfectory region and respiratory region. The medial wall: Nasal septum Respiratory region The lateral wall: Superior, middle ,inferior nasal concha Superior, middle ,inferior nasal meatus

5. Sphenoethmoidal recess Frontal sinus The paranasal sinuses are some air spaces lying in the bone around the nasal cavity. The paranasal sinuses are some air spaces lying in the bone around the nasal cavity. Frontal sinus The place of the oppenings of paranasal sinuses. The place of the openings of paranasal sinuses. frontal sinus frontal sinus middle nasal meatus middle nasal meatus maxillary sinus maxillary sinus anterior group anterior group middle group middle group ethmoidal sinus ethmoidal sinus posterior group posterior group superior nasal meatus superior nasal meatus sphenoidal sinus sphenoidal sinus sphenoethmoidal recess sphenoethmoidal recess

6. larynx The sagittal section of the skull and neck Section 2 The larynx 1. The position and relation 2. The composition Laryngeal cartilages Laryngeal joints Laryngeal muscles Laryngeal cavity

7. 1. Laryngeal cartilages thyroid cartilage 1 cricoid cartilage 1 epiglottic cartilage 1 arytenoid cartilage 2

8. Epiglottic cartilage Hyoid bone Thyrohyoid membrane Thyroid cartilage Arytenoid cartilage Cricoarytenoid joint Cricothyroid joint Lamina of cricoid cartilage Tracheal cartilage Annular lig. The laryngeal cavity and joint 2. The laryngeal joints quadrangular membrane vestibular ligament Thyrohyoid membrane Quadrangular membrane Conus elasticus Cricotracheal membrane Cricothyroid joint Conus elasticus Cricoarytenoid joint Conus elasticus Vocal ligament Conus elasticus extend upward from the cricoid cartilage to the arytenoid cartilages and the posterior surface of the thyroid cartilage. Vocal ligament is the superior of the conus elasticus. Vocal fold is the mucosa covering the vocal ligament. Vocal ligament

9. 3. The muscle of larynx Posterior cricoarytenoid Crinothyroid Thyroarytenoid Transverse arytenoid Transverse arytenoid Oblique arytenoid Lateral cricoarytenoid Thyroarytenoid Posterior cricoarytenoid cricothyroid Posterior cricoarytenoid can open the glottis. Transverse arytenoid and oblique arytenoid close the glottis. Posterior cricoarytenoid and crinothyroid can tense and lenghten the vocal fold. Thyroarytenoid can relax and shorten the vocal fold. Oblique arytenoid

10. 4. The laryngeal cavity Epiglottis Aperture of larynx Aryepiglottic fold Interarytenoid notch Oblique arytenoid Transverse arytenoid Thyroid cartilage Posterior cricoarytenoid Cricothyroid joint Cricoid cartilage Tracheal cartilage Laryngeal vestibule Rima vestibuli Vestibular fold Ventricle of larynx Vocal fold Fissure of glottis Infraglottic cavity Tracheal cavity The inlet: aperture larynx The vestibular folds The mucous fold The vocal fold The laryngeal vestibule The intermedial cavity of larynx The parts The infraglottic cavity The fissure glottis Conus elasticus The fissure glottis

11. Section 3 The trachea and bronchi Larynx Trachea 1. The trachea The composition: The tracheal cartilages, smooth muscle, connective tissue and epithelium. R principal bronchus The position of the bifurcation of trachea: the sternal angle or the lower border of the fourth thoracic vertebra L principal bronchus The carina of trachea: Bifurcation 2. The bronchi Principal bronchi, lobar bronchi, segmental bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchioles. The carina of trachea

12. Section 3 The trachea and bronchi Larynx Trachea Right principal bronchus Superior lobar bronchus Middle lobar bronchus Inferior lobar bronchus 1. The trachea The composition: The position of the bifurcation of trachea: Bifurcation of tracea Left principal bronchus Sup. lobar bronchus Inf. lobar bronchus carina of trachea: 2. The bronchi Principal bronchi lobar bronchi segmental bronchi bronchioles terminal bronchioles. The differences of right and left principal bronchus: shorter, wider, more vertical

13. Section 4 lung/pulmo Larynx trachea Apex Superior lobe cardiac notch oblique fissure inferior lobe Apex of lung Superior lobar bronchus Right principal bronchus Posterior border Right inf. pulmonary v. inferior lobe Apex of lung Oblique fissure Pulmonary a. left principal bronchus Posterior border Right inf. pulmonary v. inferior lobe Pulmonary a. Hilum of lung Superior pulmonary v. Superior lobe Horizontal fissure Oblique fissure Middle lobe base of lung Hilum of lung Superior pulmonary v. Superior lobe Cardiac impression Cardiac notch Oblique fissure base of lung Apex Superior lobe Costal surface Anterior border Horizontal fissure Oblique fissure Middle lobe Inferior lobe 1. The external features Apex Base or diaphragmatic suface Two surface: costal and medial surface Three border： Hilum of lung Root of lung: The bronchi, pulmonary artery and veins, nerves, bronchial vessels, lymphatics and lyph nodes medial surface Inferior border Medial surface of left lung Medial surface of right lung

14. Larynx trachea Apex Superior lobe cardiac notch oblique fissure inferior lobe 2. The lobe Apex Superior lobe Costal surface Anterior border Horizontal fissure Oblique fissure Middle lobe Inferior lobe oblique fissure horizontal fissure Superior lobe Middle lobe Inferior lobe Right lung oblique fissure Superior lobe Inferior lobe Left lung medial surface Inferior border

15. 3. The situation of lungs

16. 4. The bronchopulmonary segments 4. The bronchopulmonary segments

17. Section 5 The pleura Costal pleura Diaphrgmatic pleura Parietal pleura Mediastinal pleura 1. The parts Cupula of pleura Visceral pleura 2. The pleural cavity and thoracic cavity 3. The pleural recess：costodiaphragmatic recess

18. 4. The projection of inferior margins of lungs and pleura The inferior margins of lungs and pleura ： midaxillary line midclavicular line scapular line inferior margin of lungs 6th rib 8th rib 10th rib inferior margin of pleura 8th rib 10th rib 11th rib

19. Section 6 The midiastinum Superior mediatinum The subsection: Sernal angle Anterior mediastinum Middle mediastinum Heart Diaphragm Superior mediastinum Posterior mediatinum anterior mediastinum middle mediastinum Inferior mediastinum posterior mediastinum

20. Sum up the main point of respiratory system 1. The respiratory system includes respiratory tract and pulmo. The upper respiratory tract includes the nose, pharynx, larynx; and the trachea, principal bronchi with their branches belong to the lower tract. The primary function of this system is to supply the body with oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide.

21. 2. The nose includes the external nose, nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Eachnasal cavity is divided into nasal vestibule and proper nasal cavity. The nasal vestibule is lined by skin, and the proper nasal cavity by mucous membrane. According to the function ,the mucous membrane is divided into two parts: olfectory and respiratory region. The paranasal sinuses includes the frontal, maxillary, ethmoidal and sphenoidal sinus. They all communicate with nasal cavity. The frontal, maxillary, the anterior and middle ethmoidal sinuses open into the middle nasal meatuses; and the posterior ethmoidal sinus into the upper nasal meatus; and the sphenoidal sinus into the sphenoethmoidal recess. The positions of the opening the maxillary sinuses are higher than its floor.

22. 3. The larynx consist of a framework of cartilages that connected together by ligament, membrane and joint. There are five cartilages: one thyroid, one cricoid, one epigrottic, and a pair arytenoid cartilage. The laryngeal cavity may be divided into three parts by the vestibular folds and the vocal folds: the laryngeal vestibule, the intermedial cavity of larynx and the infraglottic cavity. Here, there are several names we must memorize: The conus elasticus: the membrane between the upper of the cricoid cartilage, the posterior of the thyroid cartilage, and arytenoid cartilage. The vocal ligament: the upper of the conus elasticus between the thyroid cartilage and the vocal projection of the arytenoid cartilage. The vocal fold: the mucosa covering the surface of the vocal ligament and the arytenoid cartilage. The fissure of glottis: the between the right and left vocal folds. The glottis: consists of the vocal folds and the fissure of glottis.

23. 4. Trachea and bronchi are all composed of C-shaped ring of cartilages, smooth muscle and connective tissue. The lower end of the trachea is called the bifurcation. There is a carina of trachea on the inner surface of the bifurcation. The carina of trachea is the marker to guide the bronchoscope to the left or right bronchus. The right principal bronchus is shorter, wider, and more vertical in position than the left.

24. 5. The lung/ pulmo is respiratory organ. The lung/ pulmo is conical and has an apex, a base, two surfaces and three borders. The apex of the lung extends to about 2~3 cm above the level of the medial one-third of the clavicle. The left pulmo is divided into superior and inferior lobes by oblique fissure; and the right pulmo is divided into superior, middle and inferior lobes by oblique and horizontal fissures The branches of the bronchi in the lungs: the principal bronchus lobar bronchi segmental bronchi bronchioles the terminal bronchioles. A bronchopulmonary segment: a unit of lung tissue, where the branches / ramifications of a segmental bronchus distributes to. There are 10 segments on each side lung.

25. 6. The pleura are serous membrane, divided into the parietal and visceral pleura. The parietal pleura are divided into four parts: the costal pleura, the diaphragmatic pleura, the medial stinal pleura and the cupula of pleura. The pleural cavity is the potential space between the parietal pleura and visceral pleura. The right and left pleural cavity is separated from each other by mediastinum. The costodiaphragmatic recess is in the place of the reflection of the diaphragmatic and costal pleura. When the body is standing or sitting, the costodiaphragmatic recess is the lowest place of the pleural cavity. So if the pleural cavity has liquid, for example the blood or the pus, the liquid always fills in this recess first. The projection of the inferior margins of the lungs and the pleura, (on the midclavicular line, midaxillary line, and scapular line) are respectively in: The lung: 6th, 8th, 10th rib; the pleura: 8th, 10th, 11th rib

26. 7. The mediastinum is divided into 4 regions by the level of sternal angle and the pericardium: the superior mediastinum, the anterior mediastinum, the middle mediastinum, and the posterior mediastinum.