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In the name of Allah Kareem, Most Beneficent, Most Gracious, the Most Merciful !

In the name of Allah Kareem, Most Beneficent, Most Gracious, the Most Merciful !. RESEARCH METHOD. LECTURE: 5. Session Objectives. After this session the students will be able to analyze the collected data using descriptive statistics by

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In the name of Allah Kareem, Most Beneficent, Most Gracious, the Most Merciful !

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  1. In the name of Allah Kareem,Most Beneficent, Most Gracious, the Most Merciful !

  2. RESEARCH METHOD LECTURE: 5

  3. Session Objectives After this session the students will be able to analyze the collected data using descriptive statistics by • Producing summaries of data in bothtabular and graphical forms • Calculating the central tendencies using mean median and modes • Calculate the dispersion of data using range, IQR and Standard Deviation • Checking if the data is normally distributed using Normal curve phenomenon

  4. Analyzing Data • “The process of breaking down the complex data to gain better understanding of it.” • There are two types of statistics • descriptive statistics • inferential statistics • In this session we will work on descriptive statistics SUPERIOR GROUP OF COLLEGES

  5. Descriptive statistics Descriptive statistics are used to describe, summarize, organize, and simplify data in quantitative terms. We will cover Summarizing Numerical Data Measures of Central Tendency Measurement of Dispersion Checking Data Normality SUPERIOR GROUP OF COLLEGES

  6. 1. Summarizing Tabular Presentation Graphical Presentation

  7. Summarizing categorical data • Frequency Distribution. • A frequency distribution is a tally or count of the number of times each score on a single variable occurs AnalyzeDescriptive StatisticsFrequencies move religion to the variable box OK (make sure that the Display frequency tables box is checked) Frequency table for religion

  8. Summarizing categorical data • Bar Charts With Nominal data, it is better to make a bar graph or chart of the frequency distribution of variables like religion, ethnic group, or other nominal variables; the points that happen to be adjacent in your frequency distribution are not by necessarily adjacent. To get a bar chart select Graphslegacy dialogues interactive bar chart move variable to the box OK

  9. Summarizing Numerical data Five Figure Summary • It is used to summarize the Numerical data. Five figures include locating the following values in data • Minimum value • Maximum Value • Median • Lower Quartile • Upper Quartile

  10. Exercise: Calculate Five Figure Summary Department B: 30 employees 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 8 8 99 10 11 13 13 15 15 19 20

  11. Exercise: Calculate Five Figure Summary Department B: 30 employees 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 10 10 12 15

  12. box & whisker plot For ordinal and normal data, the box and whiskers plot is useful The box and whisker plot is a graphical representation of distribution of scores and is helpful in distinguishing between ordinal and normally distributed data Graphslegacy dialogues interactive box plot move gender to the x-axis and move SAT math to y-axis OK

  13. Histogram Histograms are just like bar graph but there is no space between the boxes, indicating that there is a continuous variable theoretically underlying the scores. Histograms can be used even if data, as measured, are not continuous, if the underlying is conceptualized as continuous. To draw a histogram select: Graphslegacy dialoguesinteractivehistogram move variable to the box OK

  14. MEASUREMENT OF CENTRAL TENDENCY • Mean. The arithmetic average or mean takes into account all of the available information in computing the central tendency of a frequency distribution. • Median. The middle score or median is the appropriate measure of central tendency for ordinal level raw data. • Mode. The most common category, or mode can be used with any kind of data generally provides the least precise information about central tendency

  15. Measure of Central Tendency Exercise

  16. AnalyzeDescriptive statistics Frequencies put SAT Math into variable box click on statistics mark mean, median and mode click continue Ok

  17. Measures of Variability • Range—The range (highest minus lowest score) is the crudest measure of variability but does give an indication of the spread in scores if they are ordered. • Standard Deviation—The standard deviation is based on the deviation (x) of each score from the mean of all scores.

  18. AnalyzeDescriptive statistics Frequencies put SAT Math into variable box click on statistics mark Range and std deviation click continue Ok

  19. THANK YOU SUPERIOR GROUP OF COLLEGES 20

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