The United States in World War II

1. The United States in World War II The U.S. helps lead the Allies to victory in World War II, but only after dropping atomic bombs on Japan. American veterans discover new economic opportunities, but also simmering social tensions.

2. The United States in World War II SECTION 1Mobilizing for Defense SECTION 2The War for Europe and North Africa SECTION 3The War in the Pacific SECTION 4The Home Front

4. Section 1

5. Mobilizing for Defense Section-1 1. How did the American military reflect the diversity of American society during World War II? Selective Service and the GI • After Pearl Harbor, 5 million men volunteer for military service • 10 million more drafted to meet needs of two-front war Expanding the Military • General _____________—Army Chief of Staff—calls for women’s corps • ______________________________—women in noncombat positions • Thousands enlist; “auxiliary” dropped, get full U. S. army benefits George Marshall Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC) Continued…

6. Oversees transition to a wartime economy • _______________ icon to symbolizes female workers • Posters used to help recruit more than 2 million women to the workforce Rosie the Riveter`

7. Women in the Military Coast Guard Navy Army

8. African-Americans • Serve in segregated units • Face continued discrimination at home

9. Section-1 Americans Join the War Effort{continued} Recruiting and Discrimination • Minority groups are denied basic citizenship rights • Question whether they should fight for democracy in other countries Dramatic Contributions • 300,000 Mexican Americans join armed forces • 1 million African Americans serve; live, work in segregated units • 13,000 Chinese Americans and 33,000 Japanese Americans serve • 25,000 Native Americans enlist Dorie Miller

10. Section-2 The Eastern Front and the Mediterranean {continued} Heroes in Combat • African Americans —_____________________________—highly decorated • Mexican-American soldiers win many awards • Japanese-American unit most decorated unit in U.S. history in the ____________________________ Tuskegee Airmen and Buffaloes 442nd Regiment

11. Section-1 2. How did America mobilize for World War II? The Industrial Response • Factories convert from civilian to war production • Shipyards, defense plants expand, new ones built • Produce ships, arms rapidly — use prefabricated parts — people work at record speeds Continued…

12. A Production Miracle {continued} Section-1 Labor’s Contribution • Nearly 18 million workers in war industries; 6 million are women • Over 2 million minorities hired; face strong discrimination at first • __________________________, head of Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters • Organizes march on D.C.; FDR executive order forbids discrimination A. Philip Randolph

13. Executive Order 8802: Signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on June 25, 1941, to prohibit ethnic or racial discrimination in the nation's defense industry. It also set up the Fair Employment Practice Committee.

14. A Production Miracle {continued} Section-1 Mobilization of Scientists • Office of Scientific Research and Development— technology, medicine • __________________develops atomic bomb Manhattan Project

15. Section-1 The Federal Government Takes Control Economic Controls • ________________________________freezes prices, fights inflation • Higher taxes, purchase of war bonds lower demand for scarce goods • ___________________________________says which companies convert production — allocates raw materials — organizes collection of recyclable materials Office of Price Administration (OPA) War Production Board (WPB) • __________________ —fixed allotments of goods needed by military Rationing

16. Propaganda _________ • Promotes conservation • Buying of war bonds • Any message to keep Americans focused on the war effort

17. The United States in World War II SECTION 1Mobilizing for Defense SECTION 2The War for Europe and North Africa SECTION 3The War in the Pacific SECTION 4The Home Front

18. Section-2 The War for Europe and North Africa Allied forces, led by the United States and Great Britain, battle Axis powers for control of Europe and North Africa.

19. Section-2 War PlansChurchill convinces FDR to strike first against Hitler • Launch attack from Africa • Knock Italy out of the War • Invade Europe on the coast of France • Defeat the Japanese in the Pacific The Battle of the Atlantic ______________________ • Hitler orders submarine attacks against supply ships to Britain — wolf packs destroy hundreds of ships in 1942 • Allies organize _____________of cargo ships escorted by destroyers with _______ for detecting ships underwater ; planes with ____________ to spot U-boats on the surface • Construction of Liberty ships (cargo carriers) speeds up convoys sonar radar

20. Section-2 2. What was the sequence of events of the war in Europe and North Africa? _________________ • Hitler wants to capture Caucasus oil fields and destroy ___________ • Soviets defeat Germans in bitter winter campaign — Over 230,000 Germans, 1,100,000 Soviets die • Battle a turning point: Soviet army begins to move towards Germany The Battle of Stalingrad • Stalingrad Continued…

22. The Eastern Front and the Mediterranean Section-2 The North African Campaign • General ________________ commands invasion of North Africa • AfrikaKorps, led by____________________, the “Desert Fox”surrenders May 1943 Dwight D. Eisenhower General Erwin Rommel Continued…

23. Section-2 The Eastern Front and the Mediterranean {continued} The Italian Campaign • Allies decide will accept only unconditional surrender from Axis • Summer 1943, capture Sicily; Mussolini forced to resign • 1944 Allies win ___________________ Germans continue strong resistance “Bloody Anzio”

24. Italy formally surrendered to the Allies on September 8 1943

25. Section-2 The Eastern Front and the Mediterranean {continued} Heroes in Combat • African Americans —_____________________________—highly decorated • Mexican-American soldiers win many awards • Japanese-American unit most decorated unit in U.S. history in the ____________________________ Tuskegee Airmen and Buffaloes 442nd Regiment

26. Section-2 The Allies Liberate Europe Operation Overlord- ________ • Allies set up phantom army, send fake radio messages to fool Germans • Eisenhower directs Allied invasion of Normandyin France on June 6, 1944 D-Day Continued…

27. Section-2 The Allies Liberate Europe The Allies Gain Ground • General _________________bombs to create gap in enemy defense line • General ____________________leads Third Army, reach Paris in August • FDR reelected for 4th term with running mate _________________ Omar Bradley George Patton • Harry S. Truman Continued…

28. The Allies Liberate Europe {continued} Section-2 • October 1944, Allies capture first German town, Aachen • December German tank divisions drive 60 miles into Allied area creating a bulge in the line • _________________________—Germans push back but have irreplaceable losses Battle of the Bulge Continued…

29. Section-2 Liberation of the Death Camps • Allies in Germany, Soviets in Poland liberate concentration camps — find starving prisoners, corpses, evidence of killing Continued…

30. The Allies Liberate Europe {continued} Section-2 Unconditional Surrender • April 1945, Soviet army storms Berlin; Hitler commits suicide • Eisenhower accepts unconditional surrender of German Reich • May 8, 1945, _______________: Victory in Europe Day V-E Day Roosevelt’s Death • FDR dies April 12; Vice President _________________becomes president Harry S. Truman

32. Section-3 The War in the Pacific In order to defeat Japan and end the war in the Pacific, the United States unleashes a terrible new weapon, the atomic bomb.

33. “For some of you, I am sorry to say military service must continue for a time. We must keep an occupation force in Japan, just as we are cleaning out the militarism of Germany. The United Nations are determined that never again shall either of those countries be able to attack its peaceful neighbors.” –Harry S Truman from “Total Victory” speech Why must some soldiers continue military service for a time according to President Truman’s speech? When and how did Harry S. Truman become president?

34. March 1942—Bataan Death March • In first 6 months after Pearl Harbor, Japan conquers empire • Gen. ________________ forced to leave the Philippines • March 1942 U.S., Filipino troops trapped on ______________ Peninsula taken by Japanese on “death march” • thousands of troops remain and taken on “death march” Douglas MacArthur Bataan Continued…

35. Doolittle Raid--April 1942, Lt. Col. James Doolittle leads raid on ___________ from aircraft carrier lifted American spirits and dampened the spirits in Japan • Tokyo

36. The Coral Sea—May1942 • Australian and U.S. Soldiers stop the Japanese drive into Australian • Entire battle fought from aircraft carriers

37. The Battle of Midway—June 1942 • Admiral _____________________commands U.S. naval forces in Pacific • Allies break Japanese code, win __________________, upset balance of sea power in the Pacific. (US has more than Japan) • Allies advance by “Island Hopping” to Japan Chester Nimitz Battle of Midway

38. Section-3 Guadalcanal --August 1942 • Allied offensive begins August 1942 in ____________________ • Marked first Japanese defeat on land • Guadalcanal Continued…

39. Battle of Leyte Gulf—October 1944 • Allies converge on Leyte Island in Philippines — return of MacArthur • Japan uses _____________ attack—pilots crash bomb-laden planes into ships • Battle of _________________is a disaster for Japan— Imperial Navy severely damaged; plays minor role after Section-3 kamikaze Leyte Gulf Continued…

41. Battle of Iwo Jima– Feb. May 1945 • _____________critical as base from which planes can reach Japan • 6,000 marines die taking island; of 20,700 Japanese, 200 survive Iwo Jima

42. Okinawa– April-June 1945 • U.S. Marines invade ______ The Southernmost Japanese island • 7,600 U.S. troops, 110,000 Japanese die • Allies fear invasion of Japan may mean 1.5 million Allied casualties Okinawa

43. Hiroshima—August 6, 1945 Enola Gay ____________, major military center, destroyed by atomic bomb Atomic Test Bomb. July, 1945 __________________ is research director of to secret project to develop the atomic bomb codenamed the ________________ • atomic bomb tested in New Mexico desert • President Truman orders military to drop 2 atomic bombs on Japan Hiroshima J. Robert Oppenheimer Manhattan Project Nagasaki—August 9, 1945 3 days later, atomic bomb dropped on city of __________ September 2, 1945 Japan surrenders • Nagasaki

44. The Allies Meet—February 1945 FDR, Churchill, Stalin meet in ____________ to discuss the terms of Germany’s unconditional surrender and began plans for a post war world. Stalin Winston Churchill– United Kingdom Joseph Stalin– Soviet Union  Franklin D. Roosevelt —United States Continued…

45. temporarily divide Germany into 4 Zones of Occupation by each of the Allied powers: USA; UK; France; USSR • ____________promises free elections in Poland and in Eastern Europe • Soviet Union agreed to join the war against Japan Stalin

46. Joseph Stalin– Soviet Union Winston Churchill– United Kingdom  Franklin D. Roosevelt — United Stats

47. Potsdam Conference—July-Aug., 1945 The Big Three—Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, British Prime Minister Clement Attlee, and U.S. President Harry Truman—met in Potsdam, Germany • Agreed to occupy Austria • Agreed to hold trials for war crimes … War criminals and those who have participated in planning or carrying out Nazi enterprises involving or resulting in atrocities or war crimes shall be arrested and brought to judgment. Nazi leaders, influential Nazi supporters and high officials of Nazi organizations and institutions and any other persons dangerous to the occupation or its objectives shall be arrested and interned.… — Protocol of the Proceedings, Potsdam Conference, August 1945

48. War Crime Trials • _________________—24 Nazi leaders tried, sentenced — charged with crimes against humanity, against the peace, war crimes • Establish principle that people responsible for own actions in war Nuremberg trials The defendants in this case are charged with murders, tortures, and other atrocities committed in the name of medical science. The victims of these crimes are numbered in the hundreds of thousands. A handful only are still alive; a few of the survivors will appear in this courtroom. But most of these miserable victims were slaughtered outright or died during the tortures to which they were subjected. — Prosecution ’s Opening Statement, Nuremberg Medical Trials, December 9, 1946

49. Section-4 The Home Front After World War II, Americans adjust to new economic opportunities and harsh social tensions.

50. The Home Front Section-4 3. How did the war affect Americans here at home? Economic Gains • Defense industries boom, unemployment falls to 1.2% in 1944 — average pay rises 10% during war • Farmers prosper from rising crop prices, increase in production — many pay off mortgages • Percentage of women in work force rises to 35% Continued…