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1 2007. 2. 5-7 NLP

Overview. 1. ??? ??? ?? - ??? ????? - ?? ???? ??? ?? - ??? ??? - ??? ??2. ?? ???? ?? - ?? ?? ?? ??? - ?? ?? ??? - ???? ?? ??? 3. NLP ????? ??? ??: ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? 4. ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ? ?? ?

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1 2007. 2. 5-7 NLP

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    1. ????? ? 1 ? ?? ??·??·?? ?? ?? ?? (2007. 2. 5-7) NLP ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??? (Sun-Hee Lee) Wellesley College Dept. of East Asian Languages and Literatures

    2. Overview 1. ??? ??? ?? - ??? ????? - ?? ???? ??? ?? - ??? ??? - ??? ?? 2. ?? ???? ?? - ?? ?? ?? ??? - ?? ?? ??? - ???? ?? ??? 3. NLP ????? ??? ??: ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? 4. ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ? ?? ?? 5. ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? 6. ??? ?? ???- ICALL????? ?? 7. ???? ?? ??

    3. ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? - ????/??? ?? - ??(Prosodic) ?? - ??? ??: ??, ??? - ?? ?? - ?? ??: ??? ??(sense) ?? - ?? ????: ?? ???, ?? ??, ?? - ??? ??

    4. ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??(Annotation Scheme) 1. ??? (tag set) 2. ??? ?? (definitions of tag set) 3. ?? ????? (tagging guidelines) ?? ???? ?? ?? 1. ??? ??? ?? ??: ?? ??, ??,??, ?? ??, ?? ??, ??, ?? ?? 2. ???? ?? 3. ?? ?? (?? ??? ??) 4. ?? ?? ??? ?? 5. ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? 6. ???? ???? ?? ??

    5. ??? ??? (Leech, 2005) ??? ??? ???? ? ?) POS ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???. 2. ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ? ?) POS ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????. ‘??’: ?(Pronoun)+?(josa) vs. ? (Verb) +? (Rel) 3. ??? ???? (Reusability) ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ? ??. 4. ??? ???? (Multi-functionality) ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ? ??. POS: ???? ??, ????, ????, ?????? ??….

    6. ??? ??? ??? ?? (Leech, 2005) 1. ??? ????? ????? ??. 2. ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??. - ??, ???,???, ?? ??? ????? - ?? ?? ??? ??????? - ??? ?? ??? ??????? (?:???) - ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? 3. ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????. (??? ??? ??, ?????? ??) 4. ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??.

    7. ?? ?? ?? (??, ???) ???: ????? ???? ? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ?? ?? ?) ??? ???, LOB ??? BNC ??? ???: ?? ?? ??, ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??. ? ? ??? ?? ?) ????????I, II, ?? ????, ??/??? ?? ???? ??? 1) ??? ?? ??? ?? 2) ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? 3) ??? ?? ?? ??

    8. ??/??? ???? ??? ??? 1) ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? 2) ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ? ?????(recoverability) ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??(generation)? ??? ?? ??, ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?. ?: ??? ??? Form Category Tag go base vb goes 3rd singular present vbz gone past participle vbn went simple past vbd ?? ??? ?? ???

    9. ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? 1) ???? ?: Lancaster-Leeds Treebank, Penn Treebank, Susanne Corpus, ??? ?????, ?? ???? 2) ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?:English Constraint Grammar ?? ??? ? ?? ??? (Dickinson &Meurers, 2004) 1. ??? ??? ??? ??? ??. 2. ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???.

    10. ??? ?????? ?? ?? ? 45 ??? ? ???? ???? ???? the 45 division again with what composed be ‘With what is the 45th Division composed of ?’ (S (NP-SBJ ?/XPF+45/NNU ??/NNC+?/PAU) (VP (VP (ADVP ?/ADV) (VP (NP-COMP ??/NPN+??/PAD) (VV ??/NNC+?/XSV+?/EAU))) ?/VX+??/EFN) ?/SFN)

    11. ENGCG (English Grammar of Constraint Grammar, Karlsson, 1995) Shallow parsing based on dependency grammar "<*i>"   "i" <*> <NonMod> PRON PERS NOM SG1 SUBJ @SUBJ "<started>"   "start" <SV> <SVO> <P/on> V PAST VFIN @+FMAINV "<work>"   "work" N NOM SG @OBJ "<on>"   "on" PREP @ADVL "<an>"   "an" <Indef> DET CENTRAL ART SG @DN> "<*english>"   "english" <*> <Nominal> A ABS @AN> "<description>"  "description" N NOM SG @<P "<within>"   "within" PREP @<NOM @ADVL "<the>"  

    12. ?? ?? ??(1) ?? ?? ?? 1) ???? ??? ??? ?? 2) ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??(sense) ?? ?? Q) ?? ?? ??? ? ????? ????, ?? ??, ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? NLP ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?. ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ? - ??????? ????(priming) ?? ?: ?? -> ???/?? vs. ?? ? ??/??? - ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? (?? ?? ??)

    13. ???? ??(2) ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?????? WordNet: ??? ?? ?? ??????? ??, ???, ??, ??? ??? ???(Synonym Sets)? ???. ? ??? ??? ?? ? ??? ?-???, ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?: {coffee, java} FrameNet: ??? ??, ???, ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? PropBank: ??? ?? ??? ???? ? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????. ??? ?????? - CorNet(KAIST) - ETRI ?????, - ?? ?? ?? ?? ???

    14. ?? ??????: WordNet (Princeton) “Bank”? ?: Noun S: (n) bank (sloping land (especially the slope beside a body of water)) "they pulled the canoe up on the bank"; "he sat on the bank of the river and watched the currents" S: (n) depository financial institution, bank, banking concern, banking company (a financial institution that accepts deposits and channels the money into lending activities) "he cashed a check at the bank"; "that bank holds the mortgage on my home" S: (n) bank (a long ridge or pile) "a huge bank of earth" …. Verb S: (v) bank (tip laterally) "the pilot had to bank the aircraft" S: (v) bank (enclose with a bank) "bank roads" ……. S: (v) bank (be in the banking business) S: (v) deposit, bank (put into a bank account) "She deposits her paycheck every month" S: (v) trust, swear, rely, bank (have confidence or faith in) "We can trust in God"; "Rely on your friends"; "bank on your good education"; "I swear by my grandmother's recipes"

    15. ????????: FrameNet (Berkley) Frames: ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? Frame Semantics? ??? ? Sample output from FrameGrapher

    16. Korean PropBank (LDC, 2006)

    17. ???? ??(3) ?? ??? ??? 1) ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???. 2) ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? DAMSL (Dialog Act Markup in Several Layers, 1996-8) SPAAC (Speech Act Annotated Corpus for Dialogue Systems) - ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ? ??. - ??? ?? ?? ??? ????, ???? ?? ? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????.

    18. DAMSL ?? ??? 4?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ??? (Discourse Resource Initiative, 1996-1998) 1) ?? ?? ??: ??? ?? ?? ?????, ??? ??????? ?????, ??, ?? 2) ?? ??: ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??, ?? ??, ???? ?? 3) ??? ??: ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??, ?? ??, ??? ?? ??,…. 4) ??? ??: ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??, ??, ??, ??-??, ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???. ??? ???? ???

    19. SPAAC (Lancaster ??) 1. ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? 2. ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?. 3. ??? ?? ?? ??. Yes/No units (yes, no), Discourse Markers (aha, ok, well), Wh-Questions: Declaratives, Imperatives, Fragments (often elliptical information) ???, ?? ??, ??, ????, ?? ?? … sample - <turn id="01" speaker="a"> - <utt id="01">   <dm sp-act="init">so</dm>   <decl sp-act="suggest" polarity="positive" topic="" mode="">we should meet again</decl>   </utt> - <utt id="02">   <q-wh sp-act="suggest" polarity="positive" topic="week" mode="closed">how bout how bout next week</q-wh>   </utt> - <utt id="03">

    20. ???? ?? (4) ??? ?? ?? ?? - ?? ?? ?? ??: ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?) ?: ?? ??? ??. ? ? ?? ??? ??? - ???? ??: ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? - ?? (Topic) ,??? ??: ??? cohesion? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? - ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? - ???? NLP ????? ????? ?? ??? ??

    21. ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? (Lee et al., 2004, 2005; Byron et al. 2006 ) ?? ??: ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ? ???? ???? ?? ??: ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????: ??? ??? BFP ???? Beaver (2004)? COT ????

    22. ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? A: ??j -? ??-?? ????? B: Øj ??-?? ???. A: ?j? ??k -? ????? B: ??, Øj Øk ?? ?? ???.

    23. Example A: 108?? ???-? ?? ??-? ???? ??-?? 108 yentay cihwipwu-nun hyencay eti-ey wichihako issnun-ka? 108 regiment headquarter-TOP now where-at locate being-Q ‘Where is the headquarter of the 108th regiment located?’ B: ??????. Ø1 Ø2 molukeyss-supnita. SUBJ OBJ not know-END ‘I don’t know.’ Ø1 = ‘B’ Ø2= ‘Where the headquarter of the 108th regiment is located ??? ???? ???

    24. A: ??-? ?-? ?-? ???-? ??. Mary-ka cip-ey - ka-ko sipheha-ci anha. Mary-Nom home-to go-E want-END don’t ‘Mary doesn’t want to go home.’ B: ?-? ??. na-to Ø silhe. I-also hate ‘I also hate to go home.’ Ø = the action of going home ??? ???? ??? (Lee & Byron, 2006)

    25. ??? ???? ?? (Lee, 2004)

    26. ???? ? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??, ?? ??? ?? ? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??, ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??-??? ?? ??? ?? ????

    27. Byron & Gegg-Harrison (2004) - COT: Centering Algorithm Specified by Optimality Theory Declarative Specification of a set of Constraints - Beaver (2004)?? ??? COT ????? ????? ?? - ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? BFP ??? ????( Brennan et al., 1987)? ??? ?? (Optimality Theory) ? ??? ?? ???? ?? - COT ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? - ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? OT ?????? ??

    28. ??? ?? (Grosz et al., 1995) Cb: a set of backward looking centers Cf: a set of forward looking centers Cp: preferred center, the highest ranked element of the Cf list CONSTRAINTS: For each utterance Ui in a discourse segment U1,..,Um i. There is precisely one backward looking center, Cb ii. Every element of the forward center list, Cf(Ui) must be realized in Ui. iii. The center, Cb(Ui), is the highest ranked element of Cf(Ui-1)

    29. RULES: For each Ui in a discourse segment of U1,.., Um i. If some element of Cf(Ui-1) is realized as a pronoun in Ui, then so is Cb(Ui). ii. Transition states are ordered. CONTINUE > RETAIN > SMOOTH-SHIFT > ROUGH SHIFT

    30. The COT Algorithm COT: declarative specification of a set of constraints (vs. BFP by Brennan et al. 1987)

    31. ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? a. Janei likes Maryj. b. Shek often brings herl flowers.

    32. COT ??? ?? - ???: Flexible Hypothesis Evaluation - ?????(Defeasibility): constraints are violable - ???(Transparency): clearly lay out all the constraints (easy debugging) - ???(Modularity) Idea: COT ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????

    33. ??? ????? - ??: 54,366 ??: 5078 - ??: ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??, ?? ??, ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? - ??: ??-?? (????-????) - ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? - ??: 100 - pro? ?? : 133 ?? - pro? ???: 29 ?? (21.8%)

    34. ??? ??? ?? A;01:4: ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ? (S (NP-ADV ??/NNC+??/PAD+?/PAU) (S (NP-SBJ ??/DAN ???/NNC+?/XSF+?/PCA) (VP (NP-COMP ???/NNC+?/PAD) ???/VV+?/EFN)) ?/SFN) B;01:5: ?? ??? ???? . (S (NP-SBJ (VP (NP ?? *pro*) /NNC ??/NNC+?/XSF ?/NNX+?/CO+??/EFN)) ./SFN)

    35. ?? ???? ?? ?? (2003) ??: 127,35 ? ??: 10, 648 ? ??: 11 ??? ?? ?? ??, ??? ?? ? ??? 21?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? - ???? ? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? “ ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ? ??? ??. ??? ? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??.” (?? ?????)

    36. ?????? ?? ?? (1) 1. ??? ???? ????? ?: Optional Argument (complement) ??-? ?? ??-? ??. wuli-nun eyey hakkyo-ey ka-ss-ta. we-Top yesterday school-to go-Past-Decl ‘We went to school yesterday.’ ????? ??: Predicate-Argument Dictionary

    37. Example: ?? ??? ?? ?? A; ? 45 ??? ? ???? ???? ??? ? ce 45 satan-un tto mwuesulo kwusengtoye issnunka? the 45 division again with what composed be ‘With what is the 45th Division composed of ?’ (S (NP-SBJ ?/XPF+45/NNU ??/NNC+?/PAU) (VP (VP (ADVP ?/ADV) (VP (NP-COMP ??/NPN+??/PAD) (VV ??/NNC+?/XSV+?/EAU))) ?/VX+??/EFN) ?/SFN) B; ?? ???? ???? . satan cihwipwu-ka isssumnita. division head-Nom be-located ‘The head division is located (there).’ (S (NP-SBJ ??/NNC ???/NNC+?/PCA) (ADJP ?/VJ+???/EFN) ./SFN)

    38. ?????? ?? ??(2) 2. ?? ??? ??? - ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? pro? ???. Example: –? ???/??? (regarding on), -? ?? (in terms of), ??? (seem), etc. (14 examples ) Example: B;01:32: ???? (S (NP-SBJ *pro*) (ADJP ??/VJ+???/EFN) ./SFN)

    39. ?????? ?? ?? (3) 3. ?? ??? ???: ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ‘??’? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?: ?? taytay ‘squadron’, ?? sotay ‘platoon’, ?? yentay ‘regiment’, etc. (15 examples ) ?? ?? ??: ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??: ???

    40. ?????? ?? ?? (4): ?? ??? ??? ? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? A;01:62: 5 ??-?? ???-? R-116 ???-? ??? ??-? ??-? ? 5th company-in use-Rel R-116 radio-Gen frequency range-Top what-Q ‘What is the frequency range of the R-116 radio which the 5th company uses?’ (S (NP-SBJ (NP (S (WHNP-1 *op*) (S (NP-SBJ *pro*) (VP (NP-ADV 5/NNU ??/NNC+??/PAD) (VP (NP-OBJ *T*-1) (VV ??/NNC+?/XSV+?/EAN))))) (NP R-116/NFW ???/NNC+?/PCA)) (NP ???/NNC ??/NNC+?/PAU)) (VP (NP ??/NPN+?/CO+??/EFN)) ?/SFN)

    41. ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? THIS SHOULD PROBABLY BE TWO SLIDES—YOU HAVE A TEXT BOX ON HERE THAT ISN’T GOING TO FIT THIS SHOULD PROBABLY BE TWO SLIDES—YOU HAVE A TEXT BOX ON HERE THAT ISN’T GOING TO FIT

    42. ??? ?? ??? ??? (1): ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???: 100?? ?? ? 81?? ??? VP ??? ??? ??? ???. ???? ?? ??? VP ?? ??? ???? ??? ? ??. ?? ??? ???-? ???-? ?-?-???. kunyang camcakho wuntongcang-man naytapo-ko iss-ess-supnita. just silently playground-only look down-PreP-Past-E ‘(I/you/he/she/they) was only looking down the playground just silently.’ (VP (AP ??/MAG) (VP (AP ???/MAG) (VP (NP_OBJ ???/NNG + ?/JX) (VP (VP ???/VV + ?/EC) (VP ?/VX + ?/EP + ???/EF + ./SF)))))

    43. ??? ?? ??? ???(2): ?? ?? ?? ? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? i. ??-? ?-? ? ?-?-???. ‘New chestnuts had pretty good taste.’ (S (NP_SUB ??/NNG + ?/JKS) (S (NP_SBJ ?/NNG + ?/JKS) (VP (AP ?/MAG) (VP ?/VA + ?/EP + ???/EF + ./SF)))) ?? ?? ?? ii. ??? ?-? ? ?-?-???. ‘Particularly, the taste of (it) was pretty good.’ (S (AP ???/MAG) (S (NP_SBJ ?/NNG + ?/JKS) (VP (AP ?/MAG) (VP ?/VA + ?/EP + ???/EF + ./SF))))

    44. ??? ?? ??? ??? (3): ??? ?? ?? ? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???: ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? (topic) ? ???(coherence)? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??. (??? ??) ?? ???(discourse coherence) : ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???. ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???.

    45. ???? ??? ?? ??? ? A: ?45 ??? ?? ??? ????? ? ‘Which army does the 45th division belong to?’ (S (NP-SBJ ?/XPF+45/NNU ??/NNC+?/*TOP*) (VP (NP-COMP ??/DAN/*WH* ??/NNC+?/PAD) (VV ??/NNC+?/XSV+??/*Q*)) ?/SFN) B: ?6 ??-? ?????. ‘(It) belongs to the 6th corps.’ (S (NP-SBJ *pro-individual*) (VP (NP-COMP ?/XPF+6/NNU ??/NNC+?/PAD) (VV ??/NNC+?/XSV+???/*DEC*)) ./SFN)

    46. Byron, Gegg-Harrison & Lee (2006, TAL) ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? GTopic: is violated if a discourse-topic has appeared in the current discourse (marked with ?(nun) or ? (un)) and the highest ranking zero pronoun in the current sentence does not refer to it. ZeroAlign: is violated if the previous sentence contains a zero anaphor and the highest ranking zero pronoun in the current sentence does not refer to it. Deletion: is violated if two pronouns in the sentence have the same proposed antecedent and one of them is not a zero pronoun (from Lee, 2003).

    47. ??? ??? ??? ?? COT ???? 1. ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??(coherence-based preference) ? ?????? ????? ? . (149?? ???? ? 110?? ??? ???? ???. ) 2. Walker et al.(2004)? ??? ?? ????? ‘-?/?’ marking? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???. 3. Optimality Theory ? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????. 4. ?? ? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??.

    48. ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? 1. ??? ?? A: ???? ???-? ?? ??? ?? ??-?? mwucenkiyoung chwukencci-nun pothong elmana olay kanun-ka? radio batteries-TOP usually how long last-Q ‘As for radio batteries, how long do they last usually?’ B: ?? ??? ?? ???-? ?? ?-?-?. kuken Ø elmana manhi ssununka-ey tallye iss-ci-yo. that how much use-On depend exit-END-HON ‘It depends on how much (we) use. B: ?? ? ??? ?? ?-??. pothong Ø han ilcwuil cengto kap-nita. usually approximately a week about last-HON ‘Usually, (they) last for about one week.’

    49. ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ? ? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????. ?: a. Ø ?-?? Ø ca-ni? (Question) sleep-Q ‘Are (you) sleeping?’ b. Ø ?-? Ø ca-llay. (Declaration) sleep-will ‘(I) will sleep.’ c. Ø ?-? Ø ca-ca. (Request) sleep-let’s ‘Let’s sleep.’ 2. ???? (Speech Act)? ??? ?? ??

    50. ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??. A: ??? ?? ??? ?-?? ????? B: Ø Ø ??-?? ???. - ?? ??: ???? ??? ?? - ?? ??: ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??: ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???(salience)? ????. 3. ????? ??

    51. ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??: ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ? ??? ?? ??? ????. ?? ?? ? ??? ??: 1. ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ? ??. (e.g. use newspaper corpora, corpora of scientific texts) 2. ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ? ??. 3. ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????. 4. ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????. ('What's the difference between few and a few?')…. ?????? ??: Intelligent Computer-Aided Language Learning (ICALL) ??????? ??? WHY ARE YOU REFERING TO A SPECIFIC PAGE AND EDITOR—TOO MUCH INFORMATION; USE JUST (Leech, 1992)WHY ARE YOU REFERING TO A SPECIFIC PAGE AND EDITOR—TOO MUCH INFORMATION; USE JUST (Leech, 1992)

    52. ICALL ?????? ??? ???? ?? ICALL? ??: ??? NLP ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? CALL ???? ???????? ? ?????? ??? ??? NLP ??? - ????? (YCONC) - Text Alignment - ?? ??/??(audacity) - ???/?? ?? ICALL??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ? ?? NLP ??? ? MAL rules: ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??

    53. ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? High-level Processing? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? (Meurers & Müller, 2007) ?? ????? ?? ?? ?? ? ??

    54. References Byron, D. & W. Gegg-Harrison & S. Lee (2006) Resolving zero anaphors and pronouns in Korean, International Journal of Traitement automatique des langues/Natural Language Processing. Hermès Lavoisier Han, C-H., N-R Han, and M. Palmer. 2002. Development and Evaluation of a Korean Treebank and its Application to NLP. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC, 2002) Han, C-H.& N-R Han. (2001). Part of Speech Tagging Guidelines for Penn Korean Treebank. Technical Report, IRCS-01-09. Available online from ftp://ftp.cis.upenn.edu/pub/ircs/tr/01-09/. Detmar, M. & S. Müller (2007) Corpora and Syntax, Article 44 in Lüdeling, A. and Kytö, M. Corpus Llinguistics. Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science. Berlin:Mouton de Gruyter. 2007. Leech, G. (2005) Adding Linguistic Annotation in Developing Linguistic Corpora: A Guide to Good Practice, ed. M. Wyne. Oxford: Oxbow Books: 17-29. Available online from http://ahds.ac.uk/linguistic-corpora [Accessed 2007-01-15] Lee, S-H. & D. Byron, & S. Jang (2005) Why Is Zero Marking Important in Korean? Natural Language Processing – IJCNLP 2005: Second International Joint Conferenceof Natural Language Processing(IJCNLP). ed by Robert Dale, K-F. Wong, J. Su, O-Y. Kwong (http://dx.doi.org/10.100 7/11562214_52). Springer.

    55. Lee, S-H., D. Byron, & W. Gegg-Harrison (2004) Annotations for Zero Pronoun Resolution in Korean Using the Penn Korean Treebank. The Third Workshop on Treebank and Linguistic Tools. Tuebingen, Germany. Walker, M.A., M. Iida, and S. Cotes. 1994. Japanese discourse and the process of centering. Computational Linguistics 20(2): 193-232 ???, ???, ???, ???, ???, ??? (2004) ??? ??? ???? ?? ??. ?????. ???·??? ??(1992) ???? ?? ??? (1). ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? 9. ??? ? (2003). ?????? ????. ????? ??? ·??? (1999) ? ?? ??? ?? ??????

    56. - END - ?????! Thank You!

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