Sexually Transmitted Diseases

1. Sexually Transmitted Diseases

2. STD’s stands for sexually transmitted diseases • Sexually transmitted diseases affect the male and female reproductive systems and much more as you will soon learn…… • Sometimes referred to as sexually transmitted infections, because often times there are no symptoms, but the infection can lead to health problems

3. Among the nearly 19 million new sexually transmitted cases each year, which age group makes up nearly half of the population of people who are affected? • 15-24 year olds Why? Well….. • Probably because many young people feel they are “invincible”-this means they have the attitude that nothing can happen to them, so they are more likely to engage in risky behavior which puts them at greater risk for STD’s and accidents • Also, they are more likely than other age groups to have multiple partners • Their condom use is more likely to be inconsistent • And they are less likely to get tested for an STD

4. ABSTINENCE • Sexual abstinence means to voluntarily choose to refrain from engaging in any type of sexual activity that can lead to STI’s or pregnancy • ABSTAINING FROM SEX IS THE ONLY 100% SURE WAY TO REMAIN FREE OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES

5. Female Reproductive System

6. Male Reproductive System

7. TWO TYPES OF STDS Bacterial Viral Chlamydia Syphilis Gonorrhea * These are curable with antibiotics Herpes HIV-leads to AIDS HPV Hepatitis B, and C * These are NOT curable, they are with you for life. They can only be treated.

8. Before I Continue… • Make sure you know that the most COMMON symptom of an STD is having NO SYMPTOMs • So if you think you have been infected with an STD, get an STD test- they are free at local many clinics.

9. Chlamydia • Infectious Agent: Bacteria • Transmission: The bacteria that causes Chlamydia are transmitted by sexual contact with the penis, vagina, anus, or mouth Effects on women/baby- Can cause tubal (ectopic) pregnancies and can infect babies at birth, causing eye infections or pneumonia; can cause painful pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, and heart disease Treatment: antibiotics

10. Chlamydia Symptoms in women Symptoms in men Increased vaginal discharge Painful urination Unusual vaginal bleeding May be asymptomatic (means no symptoms) Burning sensation during urination Clear to white urethral discharge Also may be asymptomatic

11. “Ectopic” means out of place; in an ectopic pregnancy the egg is fertilized in a place other than the uterus, usually the fallopian tubes Ectopic, or tubal pregnancies can be dangerous, as the baby grows the organ it is in can rupture and the woman can die as a result. Only the uterus is designed to nourish and house a growing embryo/fetus.

12. Syphilis- caused by the Treponema pallidum, spiral -shaped bacteria • Stage 1- chancre sores on genitals at site of infection, usually painless and heal on their own after a few weeks; but unless treated with antibiotics, the infection progresses to the blood and enters stage 2 • Stage 2-usually involves a rash; may also experience fever, sore throat, swollen lymph glands, hair loss, fatigue, and muscle cramps • Stage 3 (hidden phase) and 4 -If not treated infection continues-could be 10 years later- involves damage to internal organs, such as the brain, eyes, nerves, heart, blood vessels, joints, liver, etc. Paralyses, blindness and dementia, death can result. Syphilis is most infectious the first 1-2 years of infection.

13. This a picture of a chancre sore caused by syphilis . It may be a single, painless sore, but it is possible to have multiple sores- the sores are infectious

14. Secondary Stage Syphilis- rash on skin

15. Secondary Syphilis on the back and arms of an AIDS patient

16. Another Rash from a syphilis patient

17. Gonorrhea • Transmission: Caused by a bacterium that can grow and multiply in warm, moist areas, like the reproductive tract. Spread through vaginal, anal, and oral sex; can also grow in the mouth, eyes, throat, and anus (ejaculation does not have to occur to spread the disease) • Treatment: antibiotics • Effects on pregnant women/baby: Premature birth, eye infection in baby which can lead to blindness

18. GONORRHEA Infectious agent: bacteria Long-term effects:In women, gonorrhea can lead to painful infection of the pelvic area (PID), arthritis, tubal (ectopic) pregnancies and even sterility (the inability to have children). In men, it can lead to epididymitis. In both men and women it can spread to the blood and joints and be life threatening Symptoms: In women, burning sensation during urination, a thick discharge from the vagina, and abdominal pain. In men, a white, yellowish or greenish discharge from the penis and burning sensation during urination

20. Genital Herpes • Infectious agent: Virus related to the virus causing cold sores and fever blisters • Long term-effects: The herpes virus stays in the body for life and may cause repeated outbreaks of sores. Rare: can cause blindness if eye becomes infected • Symptoms: Painful blisters that break open, scab, and heal in weeks; found on the sex organs or mouth

21. HERPES • Transmission: The virus that causes herpes is transmitted through any sexual contact with the penis, vagina, mouth, or anus. Most infectious before, during, or after an outbreak- open sores make transmission more likely, but do NOT need to be present for transmission to occur • Effects on pregnant women/baby: If she has open sores during delivery, herpes can infect the baby and cause blindness, damage to the nervous system, and even death of baby

22. HPV (Human Papilloma Virus) Infectious agent: Virus Long term effects: The virus that causes genital warts often remains in tissue under the skin, even after removal of the warts. HPV Increases the risk of cancer of the cervix, penis, and anus (there are more than 100 different types of HPV- 40 of them can be passed on during sex- the types that cause genital warts are not the same as the ones that cause penile and anal cancer) Symptoms: Small, painless, cauliflower-like hard spots or bumps inside or outside of the vagina, on the cervix, penis, or anus. Most often there are no symptoms

23. HPV Transmission: The virus that causes genital warts is transmitted through vaginal, anal, and oral sex Treatment: Genital warts can NOT be cured!! They can be treated with creams, cauterization (burning), or cryosurgery (freezing) in a doctor’s office. But they are with you for life and you can transmit the virus to others through sexual contact. Now there is a vaccine that can prevent HPV, but it needs to be administered to girls before they are sexually active in order to be effective.

24. Genital Warts can be on the outside of the vagina, in the inside of the vagina, or be in the cervix of females, or in their anus

26. Cervical Cancer can be caused by some types of HPV • Females who begin having sex before the age of 20 are more at risk for abnormal cells in the cervix • Females who have had more than three partners in their lifetime-the greater the number of sexual partners, the greater the risk of acquiring HPV • Having Immunosuppressive disorders like HIV/AIDS can increase the risk of developing HPV infections • Smoking increases the risk of cervical cancer • Long-term use of oral contraceptives increase the risk, too

27. HPV – causes genital warts

28. Pubic Lice Infectious agent: External parasite, commonly called “crabs” Long term effects: Discomfort and infection of others Symptoms: Intense itching in genital or anal region, and/or where there is body hair Transmission: Close physical contact or using clothing, bedding, or towels of infected person Treatment: Curable with over the counter shampoos and creams as well as washing all bed and clothing

29. Hepatitis A • Viral disease that affects the liver lasts from weeks to months; it does not lead to a chronic infection • Transmission: ingestion of fecal matter through contaminated food or drinks • Vaccination available for all starting at age 1

30. Hepatitis B • A liver disease caused by the hepatitis B virus • Can be mild or severe and might lead to liver disease or liver cancer , can go away on its own • Transmission: contact with infectious blood, semen, and other body fluids from having sex with an infected person, sharing contaminated needles to inject drugs, or from an infected mother to her newborn • Vaccination is available hepatitis B

31. Hepatitis C • A liver disease caused by the hepatitis C virus • Often a chronic condition that can lead to cirrhosis of the liver or liver cancer • Transmission: Contact with blood from an infected person; but can also be spread through sex, sharing needles used for tattooing and other body piercings, sharing razors and tooth brushes (rare), can also be transmitted from mother to baby *There is currently no vaccine for hepatitis C People with hepatitis cannot donate blood and must take precautions not to spread the virus to someone else

32. Hepatitis C leads to inflammation of the liver. Why is this a bad thing? • When the liver is inflamed, it doesn’t do a good job of getting rid of waste products. One waste product is bilirubin (billy-roo-bin) and it begins to build up in the blood and tissues when the liver isn’t working right. When bilirubin builds up in the blood and tissues, it causes the affected person’s skin to turn a yellowish-orange color. This is called jaundice ( a sign of an unhealthy liver).

33. HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) • HIV is the virus that causes AIDS and is spread through anal, oral, and vaginal sex • AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency syndrome • HIV is the virus that causes AIDS (may take years to develop to AIDS) • HIV takes over the T white blood cells and begins to weaken the immune system, so eventually the patient gets sick from infections that their body normally would have been able to fight off had they not had the virus • There is NO CURE, although it can be treated better now days- note that the meds are expensive and many have side effects that don’t make you feel good

34. Candida Thrush • Yeast infection of the mouth and tongue • Thrush is caused by forms of a fungus called Candida • The organism lives in your mouth and is usually kept in check by healthy organisms in your mouth, but when your resistance to infection is low, the fungus can grow (common among AIDS patients)

35. Candida Thrush- common among HIV/AIDS patients or other people with a weakened immune system

36. Ways to Prevent Getting a STD • Abstinence (the best, 100% sure way!) • Use condoms every time you have sex (used correctly- 98% effective rate) • If you are in a relationship, have you and your partner tested for an STD then stay monogamous – this means having and being with one partner only *Being promiscuous is a risk factor for getting an STD- this means having many sexual partners, but remember- you can catch an STD even if you have been with just one person! You don’t know who that one person has been with! -Avoid alcohol abuse and using drugs, as these substances can cloud your normal thinking and cause you to make poor decisions, like having sex with someone

37. Condoms help make sex safer, but no sex is really safe from STDs; for example, herpes and HPV can still be spread by contact with the exposed area during sex

38. Ways to Show Affection that Do Not Lead to STI’s and no risk of getting pregnant, or getting someone pregnant • Hugging • Cuddling • Kissing (exception- can spread oral herpes, but so can sharing glasses with someone) • Dry sex (with clothes on) • Holding hands • Spending time at the mall, movies, playing video games, studying together, going out for ice cream, skating, etc

39. The Benefits of Abstaining from Sex ●You will remain free of all STDs ●No risk of having a baby before you are ready, or becoming a father before you are ready to be one (parenting is hard work and requires emotional maturity, money, and more- and is a job best suited for adults) ● You can focus on YOU- your goals, school work, hobbies, family and friends ●No stress of having to deal with telling your parents you have an STD or pregnancy, and no stress of just having to deal with all that stuff.

40. Ms. Helal’s last words of wisdom to her awesome students: 1.Remember, many teens ARE choosing to abstain from sex in spite of what it may look like from t.v. and movies 2. Remember to take care of your body and treat it with respect. 3. Do not ever feel pressured to have sex- ever- you can always say no. Again, it is YOUR body. You have that right. 4. Listen to your values and to the values your parents may have instilled in you 5. Again, yes, some teens are having sex, but many are not. 6. Abstaining from sex is the safest way to go 

41. Chancre Sore From Syphilis