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Boundless Lecture Slides

Boundless Lecture Slides. Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com. Using Boundless Presentations. Boundless Teaching Platform

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Boundless Lecture Slides

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  1. Boundless Lecture Slides Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  2. Using Boundless Presentations Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Get started now at: • The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. http://boundless.com/teaching-platform • Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  3. About Boundless • Boundless is an innovative technology company making education more affordable and accessible for students everywhere. The company creates the world’s best open educational content in 20+ subjects that align to more than 1,000 popular college textbooks. Boundless integrates learning technology into all its premium books to help students study more efficiently at a fraction of the cost of traditional textbooks. The company also empowers educators to engage their students more effectively through customizable books and intuitive teaching tools as part of the Boundless Teaching Platform. More than 2 million learners access Boundless free and premium content each month across the company’s wide distribution platforms, including its website, iOS apps, Kindle books, and iBooks. To get started learning or teaching with Boundless, visit boundless.com. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  4. Understanding Evolution Evolution and the Origin of Species Formation of New Species Hybrid Zones and Rates of Speciation Evolution of Genomes ] Evidence of Evolution Evolution and the Origin of Species Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  5. Evolution and the Origin of Species > Understanding Evolution Understanding Evolution • What is Evolution? • Charles Darwin and Natural Selection • The Galapagos Finches and Natural Selection • Processes and Patterns of Evolution • Evidence of Evolution • Misconceptions of Evolution Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/evolution-and-the-origin-of-species-18/understanding-evolution-124/

  6. Evolution and the Origin of Species > Formation of New Species Formation of New Species • The Biological Species Concept • Reproductive Isolation • Speciation • Allopatric Speciation • Sympatric Speciation Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/evolution-and-the-origin-of-species-18/formation-of-new-species-125/

  7. Evolution and the Origin of Species > Hybrid Zones and Rates of Speciation Hybrid Zones and Rates of Speciation • Hybrid Zones • Varying Rates of Speciation Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/evolution-and-the-origin-of-species-18/hybrid-zones-and-rates-of-speciation-126/

  8. Evolution and the Origin of Species > Evolution of Genomes Evolution of Genomes • Genomic Similiarities between Distant Species • Genome Evolution • Whole-Genome Duplication • Gene Duplications and Divergence • Noncoding DNA • Variations in Size and Number of Genes Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/evolution-and-the-origin-of-species-18/evolution-of-genomes-127/

  9. Evolution and the Origin of Species > Evidence of Evolution Evidence of Evolution • The Fossil Record as Evidence for Evolution • Fossil Formation • Gaps in the Fossil Record • Carbon Dating and Estimating Fossil Age • The Fossil Record and the Evolution of the Modern Horse • Homologous Structures • Convergent Evolution • Vestigial Structures • Biogeography and the Distribution of Species Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/evolution-and-the-origin-of-species-18/evidence-of-evolution-129/

  10. Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  11. Evolution and the Origin of Species Key terms • adaptationmodification of something or its parts that makes it more fit for existence under the conditions of its current environment • adaptationA modification of something or its parts that makes it more fit for existence under the conditions of its current environment. • adaptive radiationthe diversification of species into separate forms that each adapt to occupy a specific environmental niche • allopatricnot living in the same territory; geographically isolated and thus unable to crossbreed • allopolyploidhaving multiple complete sets of chromosomes derived from different species • ambera hard, generally yellow to brown translucent fossil resin • anagenesisEvolution of a new species through a large scale change in gene frequency so that the new species replaces the old, rather than branching to produce an additional species. • analogyThe relationship between characteristics that are apparently similar but did not develop from the same structure • autopolyploidhaving more than two sets of chromosomes, derived from the same species, as a result of redoubling • behavioral isolationthe presence or absence of a specific behavior that prevents reproduction between two species from taking place • biogeographythe study of the geographical distribution of living things • biomarkerA substance used as an indicator of a biological state, most commonly disease. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  12. Evolution and the Origin of Species • cladogenesisAn evolutionary splitting event in which each branch and its smaller branches forms a clade. • conjugationthe temporary fusion of organisms, especially as part of sexual reproduction • convergent evolutiona trait of evolution in which species not of similar recent origin acquire similar properties due to natural selection • convergent evolutiona trait of evolution in which species not of similar recent origin acquire similar properties due to natural selection • descent with modificationchange in populations over generations • dispersalthe movement of a few members of a species to a new geographical area, resulting in differentiation of the original group into new varieties or species • divergent evolutionthe process by which a species with similar traits become groups that are tremendously different from each other over many generations • divergent evolutionthe process by which a species with similar traits become groups that are tremendously different from each other over many generations • endemicunique to a particular area or region; not found in other places • equidA member of the horse family. • evolutionthe change in the genetic composition of a population over successive generations • evolutionthe change in the genetic composition of a population over successive generations Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  13. Evolution and the Origin of Species • exona region of a transcribed gene present in the final functional RNA molecule • fossil recordAll discovered and undiscovered fossils and their placement in rock formations and sedimentary layers. • fossiliferousContaining fossils. • gene poolthe complete set of unique alleles that would be found by inspecting the genetic material of every living member of a species or population • generalistspecies which can thrive in a wide variety of environmental conditions • genetic driftan overall shift of allele distribution in an isolated population, due to random fluctuations in the frequencies of individual alleles of the genes • genomethe cell's complete genetic information packaged as a double-stranded DNA molecule • gradualismin evolutionary biology, belief that evolution proceeds at a steady pace, without the sudden development of new species or biological features from one generation to the next • half-lifeThe time required for half of the nuclei in a sample of a specific isotope to undergo radioactive decay. • homologous structurethe traits of organisms that result from sharing a common ancestor; such traits often have similar embryological origins and development • homologyA correspondence of structures in two life forms with a common evolutionary origin, such as flippers and hands. • homoplasyA correspondence between the parts or organs of different species acquired as the result of parallel evolution or convergence. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  14. Evolution and the Origin of Species • horizontal gene transferthe transfer of genetic material from one organism to another one that is not its offspring; especially common among bacteria • hybridoffspring resulting from cross-breeding different entities, e.g. two different species or two purebred parent strains • hybrid inviabilitya situation in which a mating between two individuals creates a hybrid that does not survive past the embryonic stages • hybrid speciationthe formation of a new species as the direct result of mating between members of two existing species • hybrid sterilitya situation in which a mating between two individuals creates a hybrid that is sterile • hybrid zonean area where the ranges of two interbreeding species meet and interbreed • inheritance of acquired characteristicshypothesis that physiological changes acquired over the life of an organism may be transmitted to its offspring • intergenicdescribing the noncoding sections of nucleic acid between genes • introna portion of a split gene that is included in pre-RNA transcripts but is removed during RNA processing and rapidly degraded • introna portion of a split gene that is included in pre-RNA transcripts but is removed during RNA processing and rapidly degraded • morphologythe form and structure of an organism • natural selectiona process in which individual organisms or phenotypes that possess favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  15. Evolution and the Origin of Species • natural selectiona process in which individual organisms or phenotypes that possess favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce • noncodingDNA which does not code for protein • nondisjunctionthe failure of chromosome pairs to separate properly during meiosis • palaeopolyploidizationthe development of polyploid organisms in the geologic past • Pangaeasupercontinent that included all the landmasses of the earth before the Triassic period and that broke up into Laurasia and Gondwana • parallel evolutionthe development of a similar trait in related, but distinct, species descending from the same ancestor, but from different clades • paralogoushaving a similar structure indicating divergence from a common ancestral gene • permineralizationform of fossilization in which minerals are deposited in the pores of bone and similar hard animal parts • petrificationprocess by which organic material is converted into stone through the replacement of the original material and the filling of the original pore spaces with minerals • phylogenythe evolutionary history of an organism • polyploidizationhybridization that leads to polyploidy • polyploidyhaving more than the usual two homologous sets of chromosomes Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  16. Evolution and the Origin of Species • postzygotic barriera mechanism that blocks reproduction after fertilization and zygote formation • prezygotic barriera mechanism that blocks reproduction from taking place by preventing fertilization • pseudogenea segment of DNA that is part of the genome of an organism, and which is similar to a gene but does not code for a gene product • pseudogenea segment of DNA that is part of the genome of an organism, and which is similar to a gene but does not code for a gene product • punctuated equilibriuma theory of evolution holding that evolutionary change tends to be characterized by long periods of stability, with infrequent episodes of very fast development • radiocarbon datingA method of estimating the age of an artifact or biological vestige based on the relative amounts of various isotopes of carbon present in a sample. • reconnectiona convergence of two species over time • reproductive isolationa collection of mechanisms, behaviors, and physiological processes that prevent two different species that mate from producing offspring, or which ensure that any offspring produced is not fertile • retrogenea DNA gene copied back from RNA by reverse transcription • Romer's gapA period in the tetrapod fossil record (360 to 345 million years ago) from which excavators have not yet found relevant fossils. • speciationthe process by which new distinct species evolve • speciesa group of organsms that, in nature, are capable of mating and producing viable, fertile offspring Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  17. Evolution and the Origin of Species • strataLayers of sedimentary rock. • stratigraphyThe study of rock layers and the layering process. • sympatricliving in the same territory without interbreeding • sympatric speciationthe process through which new species evolve from a single ancestral species while inhabiting the same geographic region • sympatric speciationthe process through which new species evolve from a single ancestral species while inhabiting the same geographic region • temporal isolationfactors that prevent potentially fertile individuals from meeting that reproductively isolate the members of distinct species • theorya well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world based on knowledge that has been repeatedly confirmed through observation and experimentation • trace fossilA type of fossil reflecting the reworking of sediments and hard substrates by organisms including structures like burrows, trails, and impressions. • transductionhorizontal gene transfer mechanism in prokaryotes where genes are transferred using a virus • transformationthe alteration of a bacterial cell caused by the transfer of DNA from another, especially if pathogenic • transitional fossilFossilized remains of a life form that exhibits traits common to both an ancestral group and its derived descendant group. • vestigial structuregenetically determined structures or attributes that have apparently lost most or all of their ancestral function in a given species Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  18. Evolution and the Origin of Species • vestigial structureGenetically determined structures or attributes that have lost most or all of their ancestral function in a given species. • vicariancethe separation of a group of organisms by a geographic barrier, resulting in differentiation of the original group into new varieties or species Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  19. Evolution and the Origin of Species Homology in the forelimbs of vertebrates The principle of homology illustrated by the adaptive radiation of the forelimb of mammals. All conform to the basic pentadactyl pattern but are modified for different usages. The third metacarpal is shaded throughout; the shoulder is crossed-hatched. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."800px-Evolution_pl.png."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Evolution_pl.pngView on Boundless.com

  20. Evolution and the Origin of Species Whale Skeleton The pelvic bones in whales are also a good example of vestigial evolution (whales evolved from four-legged land mammals and secondarily lost their hind legs). Letter c in the picture indicates the undeveloped hind legs of a baleen whale. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Whale Skeleton."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Whale_skeleton.pngView on Boundless.com

  21. Evolution and the Origin of Species Chromosomal Mutations Chromosomal mutations over time can accumulate and promote diversity and evolution if a produced trait is favorable. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Chromosomes mutations-en."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chromosomes_mutations-en.svgView on Boundless.com

  22. Evolution and the Origin of Species Beak Shape Among Finch Species Darwin observed that beak shape varies among finch species. He postulated that the beak of an ancestral species had adapted over time to equip the finches to acquire different food sources. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Understanding Evolution. January 16, 2015."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44568/latest/View on Boundless.com

  23. Evolution and the Origin of Species Speciation and the Hybrid Zone After speciation has occurred, the two separate-but-closely-related species may continue to produce offspring in an area called the hybrid zone. Reinforcement, fusion, or stability may result, depending on reproductive barriers and the relative fitness of the hybrids. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Reconnection and Rates of Speciation. January 16, 2015."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44573/latest/View on Boundless.com

  24. Evolution and the Origin of Species Half-life of Carbon-14 Radiometric dating is a technique used to date materials such as rocks or carbon, usually based on a comparison between the observed abundance of a naturally occurring radioactive isotope and its decay products, using known decay rates. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Radioactive_decay_of_Carbon-14.png."CC BY-SA 3.0https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Radioactive_decay_of_Carbon-14.pngView on Boundless.com

  25. Evolution and the Origin of Species Dinosaur footprints Footprints are examples of trace fossils, which contribute to the fossil record. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."800px-Dinosaur_Ridge_tracks.JPG."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichnology%23mediaviewer/File:Dinosaur_Ridge_tracks.JPGView on Boundless.com

  26. Evolution and the Origin of Species "Sue" T-rex skeleton The bones of this Tyrannosaurus rex were preserved through the process of permineralization, which suggests that this organism was covered by sediment soon after death. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."1024px-Sues_skeleton.jpg."CC BY-SA 2.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrannosaurus%23mediaviewer/File:Sues_skeleton.jpgView on Boundless.com

  27. Evolution and the Origin of Species Romer's Gap The bank of the Whiteadder Water in Scotland is one of the few known localities bearing fossils of tetrapods from Romer's gap. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Romer's gap."CC BYhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romer's_gapView on Boundless.com

  28. Evolution and the Origin of Species Temporal isolation These two related frog species exhibit temporal reproductive isolation. (a) Rana aurora breeds earlier in the year than (b) Rana boylii. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Formation of New Species. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44574/latest/Figure_18_02_09ab.jpgView on Boundless.com

  29. Evolution and the Origin of Species Habitat isolation Speciation can occur when two populations occupy different habitats. The habitats need not be far apart. The cricket (a) Gryllus pennsylvanicus prefers sandy soil, while the cricket (b) Gryllus firmus prefers loamy soil. The two species can live in close proximity, but because of their different soil preferences, they became genetically isolated. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Formation of New Species. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44574/latest/Figure_18_02_10ab.jpgView on Boundless.com

  30. Evolution and the Origin of Species Evolution by Natural Selection All organisms are products of evolution adapted to their environment. (a) Saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea) can soak up 750 liters of water in a single rain storm, enabling these cacti to survive the dry conditions of the Sonoran desert in Mexico and the Southwestern United States. (b) The Andean semiaquatic lizard (Potamites montanicola), discovered in Peru in 2010, lives between 1,570 to 2,100 meters in elevation and, unlike most lizards, is nocturnal and swims. Scientists still do not know how these cold-blood animals are able to move in the cold (10 to 15°C) temperatures of the Andean night. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Introduction. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44561/latest/Figure_18_00_01ab.jpgView on Boundless.com

  31. Evolution and the Origin of Species Thorium Decay Chain from Lead-212 to Lead-208 After one half-life has elapsed, one half of the atoms of the Lead-212 nuclide will have decayed into a "daughter" nuclide or decay product. In many cases, the daughter nuclide itself is radioactive, resulting in a decay chain, eventually ending with the formation of a stable (nonradioactive) daughter nuclide in this case Lead-208; each step in such a chain is characterized by a distinct half-life. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."800px-Thorium_decay_chain_from_lead-212_to_lead-208.svg.png."CC BY-SA 3.0https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Thorium_decay_chain_from_lead-212_to_lead-208.svgView on Boundless.com

  32. Evolution and the Origin of Species Interbreeding in Dogs Dogs of different breeds still have the ability to reproduce. The (a) poodle and (b) cocker spaniel can reproduce to produce a breed known as (c) the cockapoo. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Formation of New Species. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44574/latest/Figure_18_02_01abc.jpgView on Boundless.com

  33. Evolution and the Origin of Species Gene variation in the Genome This figure represents the human genome, categorized by function of each gene product, given both as number of genes and as percentage of all genes. Importantly, genome size does not necessarily correlate with complexity. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Gene."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%23Number_of_genesView on Boundless.com

  34. Evolution and the Origin of Species Utricularia gibba flower Utricularia gibba has 3% noncoding DNA, which is low for flowering plants. This 3% has given this plant the title the 'most efficient' genome. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Utricularia gibba flower 01."CC BYhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Utricularia_gibba_flower_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  35. Evolution and the Origin of Species Amber The image depicts a gnat preserved in amber. A lot of insects have been found to be perfectly maintained in this ancient tree sap. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikibooks."Historical Geology/Fossils."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Historical_Geology/FossilsView on Boundless.com

  36. Evolution and the Origin of Species Homology vs. analogy The wings of pterosaurs (1), bats (2), and birds (3) are analogous as wings, but homologous as forelimbs. This is because they are similar characteristically and even functionally, but evolved from different ancestral roots. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Homology (biology)."CC BYhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homology_(biology)%23Anatomical_homologyView on Boundless.com

  37. Evolution and the Origin of Species Species Similarity & Reproduction Species that appear similar may not be able to reproduce. The (a) African fish eagle is similar in appearance to the (b) bald eagle, but the two birds are members of different species. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Formation of New Species. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44574/latest/Figure_18_02_02ab.jpgView on Boundless.com

  38. Evolution and the Origin of Species Misconceptions of Evolution: Lamarckian evolution and giraffes Lamarck's hypothesis for how evolution worked stated that organisms could pass on traits they had acquired during their lifetime to the progeny, such as giraffes gaining a long neck because their parents needed to reach high food. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Lamarckian evolution."CC BYhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lamarckian_evolution.svgView on Boundless.com

  39. Evolution and the Origin of Species Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace Both (a) Charles Darwin and (b) Alfred Wallace wrote scientific papers on natural selection that were presented together before the Linnean Society in 1858. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Understanding Evolution. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44568/latest/Figure_18_01_02ab.jpgView on Boundless.com

  40. Evolution and the Origin of Species The generation of allopolyploidy Alloploidy results when two species mate to produce viable offspring. In the example shown, a normal gamete from one species fuses with a polyploidy gamete from another. Two matings are necessary to produce viable offspring. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Formation of New Species. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44574/latest/Figure_18_02_08.jpgView on Boundless.com

  41. Evolution and the Origin of Species The Evolution of Species The only illustration in Darwin's On the Origin of Species is (a) a diagram showing speciation events leading to biological diversity. The diagram shows similarities to phylogenetic charts that are drawn today to illustrate the relationships of species. (b) Modern elephants evolved from the Palaeomastodon, a species that lived in Egypt 35–50 million years ago. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Formation of New Species. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44574/latest/Figure_18_02_03ab.jpgView on Boundless.com

  42. Evolution and the Origin of Species Graduated Speciation vs Punctuated Equilibrium In (a) gradual speciation, species diverge at a slow, steady pace as traits change incrementally. In (b) punctuated equilibrium, species diverge quickly and then remain unchanged for long periods of time. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Reconnection and Rates of Speciation. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44573/latest/Figure_18_03_02.pngView on Boundless.com

  43. Evolution and the Origin of Species Differences in reproductive structures in male damselflies The shape of the male reproductive organ varies among male damselfly species and is only compatible with the female of that species. Reproductive organ incompatibility keeps the species reproductively isolated. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Formation of New Species. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44574/latest/Figure_18_02_11.jpgView on Boundless.com

  44. Evolution and the Origin of Species Reproductive isolation in plants Some flowers have evolved to attract certain pollinators. The (a) wide foxglove flower is adapted for pollination by bees, while the (b) long, tube-shaped trumpet creeper flower is adapted for pollination by humming birds. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Formation of New Species. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44574/latest/Figure_18_02_12.jpgView on Boundless.com

  45. Evolution and the Origin of Species Common Ancestors The similar construction of these appendages indicates that these organisms share a common ancestor. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Understanding Evolution. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44568/latest/Figure_18_01_06.jpgView on Boundless.com

  46. Evolution and the Origin of Species Evolution of Humans and Horses (a) In this display, fossil hominids are arranged from oldest (bottom) to newest (top). As hominids evolved, the shape of the skull changed. (b) An artist's rendition of extinct species of the genus Equus reveals that these ancient species resembled the modern horse (Equus ferus), but varied in size. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Understanding Evolution. January 16, 2015."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44568/latest/View on Boundless.com

  47. Evolution and the Origin of Species Adaptations: Winter Coats The white winter coat of the (a) arctic fox and the (b) ptarmigan's plumage are adaptations to their environments. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Understanding Evolution. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44568/latest/Figure_18_01_07ab.jpgView on Boundless.com

  48. Evolution and the Origin of Species Gene Duplication This figure indicates a schematic of a region of a chromosome before and after a duplication event. Ectopic recombination is typically mediated by sequence similarity at the duplicate breakpoints, which form direct repeats. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Gene-duplication."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gene-duplication.pngView on Boundless.com

  49. Evolution and the Origin of Species Sedimentary layers The layers of sedimentary rock, or strata, can be seen as horizontal bands of differently colored or differently structured materials exposed in this cliff. The deeper layers are older than the layers found at the top, which aids in determining the relative age of fossils found within the strata. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Geology of Cyprus-Chalk."CC BYhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Geology_of_Cyprus-Chalk.jpgView on Boundless.com

  50. Evolution and the Origin of Species Eye evolution Vertebrates and octopi developed the camera eye independently. In the vertebrate version the nerve fibers pass in front of the retina, and there is a blind spot (4) where the nerves pass through the retina. In the octopus version, the eye is constructed the "right way out," with the nerves attached to the rear of the retina. This means that octopi do not have a blind spot. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Convergent evolution."CC BYhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergent_evolutionView on Boundless.com

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