The New Deal

1. The New Deal Day 15

2. Franklin Delano Roosevelt • Known as FDR • Reform-minded leader • Had a more pro-active attitude about the depression than Hoover

4. The New Deal • The New Deal – Roosevelt’s program to alleviate depression problems. • Promised “a new deal for the American people”

5. Goals of the New Deal • Relief for the Needy • Economic Recovery • Financial Reform

6. The Hundred Days • First 100 days of Roosevelt’s term • Period of intense activity • Congress passed over 15 major pieces of New Deal legislation • BRAIN TRUST- During the Lame Duck Period (period when Roosevelt was elected president but had not taken office) he met with his Brain Trust, group of experts who helped create New Deal Legislation

7. Emergency Banking Relief Act • 1st step was banking reform • Temporarily closed all banks in order to stop withdrawals (Known as a Bank Holiday) • Banks could reopen only if they were stable.

8. Fireside Chat • Fireside Chat – Roosevelt’s radio talks to discuss public concern, explaining his measures in clear, simple language

9. Regulating Banking and Finance • Glass-Stegall Act, 1933 – established Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) • Federal insurance for individual bank accounts up to $5,000. • Federal Securities Act, 1933 • Made corporations provide truthful information about their stocks • Helped to create ‘transparency’ in the stock market, eliminating shady trade (buying/selling of stocks) practices

10. Rural Assistance • Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) • Paid farmers to NOT plant land • Decreased supply, which increased prices of crops

11. Providing Work Projects • Provided relief through work programs • Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) • Men 18 – 25 worked to build roads, parks, reforestation and flood control projects • Public Works Administration (PWA) • Gave money to states to create jobs • Built schools, and community buildings

13. New Deal Under Attack • Deficit Spending – spending more money than the government receives in tax revenue. • Roosevelt said deficit spending was a “necessary evil” • Liberals • New Deal didn’t go far enough • Conservatives • Government taking too much control over business

14. Pg 493 • Supreme Court began to rule New Deal Legislation was unconstitutional. • FDR proposed a bill to add Supreme Court Judges, that way the S.C. would lean towards his liberal views, however before legislation goes through, multiple judges retire • PACKING THE S.C.

15. Critics of the New Deal • Father Charles Coughlin • Radio priest from Detroit • Nationalization – converting private banks to government ownership

16. Critics of the New Deal • Dr. Francis Townsend • Didn’t think Roosevelt did enough for the poor and elderly • Created a pension plan to pay elderly monthly wages

17. Critics of the New Deal • Huey P. Long • Senator from Louisiana • Wanted to be president, so turned on Roosevelt • “Share-Our-Wealth” program

18. Huey P. Long

19. Huey Long – Wealth Distribution

20. Huey P. Long • “Every Man a King” promised something for everyone.

21. The Second New Deal Chapter 15 Section 2

22. Second Hundred Days • New Deal provided some relief, but not as much as Roosevelt expected • Production still lagged • Unemployment was still high

23. Pg 497

25. Eleanor Roosevelt • 1st Lady • Social reformer • Traveled the country to observe social conditions • Retold her observations to the nation

26. Extending Relief • Works Progress Administration (WPA) • Created jobs for youth, professionals, and other workers • Built airports, roads, and public buildings • Women made garments for the needy • National Youth Administration (NYA) • Provided education, jobs, counseling, and recreation for young people

27. Improving Labor • Wagner Act • Protecting the rights of workers to join unions and engage in collective bargaining.

28. Social Security Act • 3 Major Parts • Old-age insurance for retirees 65 and older • Unemployment Compensation • Aid to families with dependent children and the disabled.

29. Pg 500

31. Impact of the New Deal Chapter 15 Section 5

32. Pg 516

33. Still in place today • National Labor Relations Board • Tennessee Valley Authority • Social Security • Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation • Securities and Exchange Commission

37. The New Deal Affects Many Groups

38. Women Make Their Mark • One of the most notable changes during the New Deal was the naming of several women to important government positions • Frances Perkins became Americas first female cabinet member • Women however, received lower minimum wages then men • Men viewed women in the work place as people taking jobs away from men who needed to provide for their family

39. African American Activism • The 1930’s saw a growth in African American Activism • A. Phillip Randolph organized the country’s first all-black trade union • His work and that of others laid the groundwork for what would become the civil rights movement

40. African Americans Take Leadership Roles • During the New Deal, FDR appointed more than 100 African Americans to key government positions • Mary McLeod Bethune- an Educator who dedicated herself to promoting opportunities for young African Americas • Organized the ‘Black Cabinet’- advised the Roosevelt administration on racial issues • Never before had so many African Americans had a voice in the White House

41. The President Fails to Support Civil Rights • Despite efforts to promote racial equality, Roosevelt was never committed to full civil rights for African Americans • Refused to approve any Federal anti-lynching laws and to end a poll tax • FDR was afraid of losing White Democrat support for the New Deal • Blacks recognized the need to fight for their rights • Organized the Southern Tenant Farmers Union • In general Blacks supported FDR and the New Deal seeing it as their best hope for the future

42. The Impact of the New Deal In his second term in office, Roosevelt hinted at launching a Third New Deal. However FDR did not favor deficit spending, and by 1937 the economy had improved enough to convince many Americans the depression was finally over

43. Supporters and Critics of the New Deal • Critics • Conservatives felt that Roosevelt made the government to large • Conservatives accused Roosevelt of ‘Stuffing/Packing the Supreme Court • During the early part of the 1930’s the Supreme Court had ruled many of Roosevelt's New Deal policies unconstitutional stating ‘that they went beyond the powers of the Executive Branch’ • Roosevelt had asked Congress to allow him to add more Supreme Court Justices who were Democrats (Democrats would support New Deal Legislation, however the Justices retired and Roosevelt appointed Dem. To fill the vacancies)

44. Supporters and Critics of the New Deal • Supporters (Democrats) • Felt that the New Deal did not go far enough to socialize the economy and to eliminate social and economic inequality

45. Legacy of the New Deal • Social Security Administration • Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) • The Federal Government would insure savings accounts for up to 5000 dollars at approved banks • Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) • Regulate the Stock Market, Eliminated Insider Trading • 21st Amendment • Ended Prohibition • 20th Amendment (Lame Duck Amendment) • Shortened the period between when a president is elected and when he takes office

46. Culture of the 1930’s • Artist Decorate America • During the New Deal, Roosevelt paid artist to paint giant murals and created many sculptures • Gone With the Wind • Color motion picture during the 1930’s • Movies allowed people to escape the worries of the harsh realities they were facing • The Grapes of Wrath • John Steinbeck • Story of Oklahomans who suffered through the Dust Bowl

47. Mexican American Fortunes Mexican Americans also supported the New Deal, even though they received even fewer benefits than African Americans The CCC and WPA helped some Mexican Americans but refused to employ migrant workers with no permanent address

48. Native Americans Gain Support • Native Americans receive strong government support • They received full citizenship by law • Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, caused extreme change in government toward Native American autonomy • Economic- Native American lands would belong to an entire tribe • Cultural- Children could attend school on their reservations • Political- Tribes could elect tribal councils and govern themselves

49. FDR Creates the New Deal Coalition • FDR’s great achievement, New Deal Coalition • An alignment of diverse groups dedicated to supporting the Democratic Party • As a result Democrats dominated national politics, and FDR’s New Deal was able to run smoothly with little opposition from Republicans

50. FDR Wins in 1936 Support for the Democratic Party surged, especially in Northern Cities In 1936 FDR carried the support of the countries 12 largest cities Various Religions and ethnic groups supported FDR as well His support came from these groups due to New Deal labor laws and work-relief programs which aided the urban poor To cement their support FDR appointed many urban immigrants to important government positions Women, African Americans, Mexican Americans, Native Americans, and works from all walks of life were greatly affected by the New Deal, and supported FDR