1 / 23

Unit I INTRODUCTION

Biology 220 Anatomy & Physiology I. Unit I INTRODUCTION. Chapter 1 pp. 1-22 Chapter 27, p. 1005. E. Gorski/ S. Kabrhel. Definitions. Anatomy : Study of structure Macroscopic Anatomy: gross structures, visible to the naked eye Microscopic Anatomy:

marthatyson
Download Presentation

Unit I INTRODUCTION

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Biology 220 Anatomy & Physiology I Unit IINTRODUCTION Chapter 1 pp. 1-22 Chapter 27, p. 1005 E. Gorski/ S. Kabrhel

  2. Definitions • Anatomy: Study of structure • Macroscopic Anatomy: • gross structures, visible to the naked eye • Microscopic Anatomy: • small structures not visible to the naked eye • Histology (tissues) • Cytology (cellular anatomy) • Physiology: Study of functions at system, organ, tissue, cellular or molecular level REMEMBER: Function follows form Give examples of structures and their functions

  3. Levels of Structural Organization See Fig. 1.1, p. 3 Chemical:Atoms & Molecules (proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids) Cell: Smallest unit of life; Organelles (cellular structures with specific functions) Tissue: Similar cells grouped together to perform a function; • 4 major types: epithelial tissues; muscle tissues; connective tissue; nervous tissue Organ: Two or more types of tissues working together to perform a specific function System:= Organ System; Organs working together to perform an overall function Organism:Made up of many organ systems

  4. Student activity • Name the human organ systems and list the organs of each.

  5. Characteristics of Life • Organization (cell membrane, organelles, skin) • Metabolism (chemical reactions) • Responsiveness (recognize changes in environment and creates responses) • Growth (increase in size) • Development (the changes an organism undergoes from fertilization until death) • Reproduction (cellular or organism)

  6. Homeostasis • Maintenance of body’s internal environment within specific ranges • Homeostatic imbalance - occurs when homeostatic mechanisms fail • Control of homeostasis – prevents extreme deviations by feedback mechanisms • accomplished by nervous and endocrine systems See Fig. 1.4, p. 9

  7. Components of Control System • Receptor(sensor)-sends information to  • Control center- receives and analyzes input, and determines output; sends information along efferent pathway to • Effector- output=response

  8. Control Systems of Homeostasis • Feedback mechanisms: • body recognizes deviation and creates response • Negative feedback • response counteracts deviation • Positive feedback • response intensifies deviation

  9. Negative Feedback • response counter-acts (decreases or increases) deviation until normal range is attained • most body functions are controlled with negative feedback • example: control of blood pressure see Fig. 1.5, p. 11 Give other examples of negative feedback. see Fig. 1.6, p. 11

  10. Positive Feedback • response intensifies deviation until major event happens • see Fig. 1.8, p. 12 • Examples: • platelet plug formation and blood clotting • release of milk during lactation • contractions during labor (childbirth) • action potential in neurons

  11. Let’s apply: Harmful Positive Feedback • Extreme blood loss  blood pressure decreases/increases?  blood flow to heart decreases/increases?  heart pumps more/less blood?  it causes blood pressure decrease/increase?  the heart stops pumping  death See Fig. 1.9, p. 12

  12. Let’s apply: Student Activity • A small family was traveling in its van and had a minor accident. The children in the back seats were wearing lap belts, but still sustained numerous bruises about the abdomen, and had some internal organ injuries. • Why is this area more vulnerable to damage than others?

  13. Interstitial Fluid (between tissue cells) (~80% = 12 L) Plasma (outside blood cells) (~20% = 3 L) Body Fluids and Compartments • Intracellular Fluid (ICF) • Inside cells (25 L) • ~ 40% of body weight • (~2/3 of total fluid) • Extracellular Fluid (ECF) • Outside cells (15 L) • 20% of body weight • (~1/3 of total fluid) See Chapter 27, p. 1005

  14. Body Fluids and Compartments ICF and ECF are different in composition • ICF - higher in potassium (K+), phosphate (HPO4=), protein • ECF - higher in chloride (Cl-), sodium (Na+) See Chapter 27, p. 1005

  15. Review: The Language of Anatomy • Anatomical Position and Directional Terms* see Fig 1.10, p. 13 • Regional Terms* see Fig 1.11, p.15 • Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants* see Fig 1. 12, p. 16 • Body Planes and Sections* see Fig. 1.13, p.17 see Fig. 1.14, p. 18 *Will also be covered in laboratory

  16. Review: The Language of Anatomy • Body Cavities* • Dorsal Body Cavity (brain and spinal cord) • Ventral Body Cavity (other internal organs) • Other Body Cavities (e.g., nasal, oral cavity) see Fig. 1.15, p. 18 *Will also be covered in laboratory

  17. Let’s Apply • Exposure to a hot environment causes the body to sweat. The hotter the environment, the greater the sweating. Two A&P students are arguing about the mechanism involved: • Student A claims that it is a positive feedback • Student B claims that it is a negative feedback • Who is right? Explain why?

  18. General Biology Review • NOTE: The slides on General Biology Review are provided for student’s reference. This section will NOT be included in the first lecture unit exam. Chapter 2, pp. 23-54; see also Sackheim

  19. General Biology Review:Composition of Matter • Atoms: • Nucleus: Protons (+) and Neutrons • Electrons (-) • Ions: • Cations (+); Anions (-) • Molecule – combination of two or more atoms of the same element, e.g., O2 • Compound – combination of two or more different kinds of atoms, e.g., H2O • Electrolytes – substances that conduct electrical current in solution.

  20. General Biology Review:Bonding • Ionic - between cations and anions • e.g., Na+ + Cl- (sodium chloride) • Covalent - shared electrons • nonpolar covalent (even sharing) • polar covalent (uneven sharing) • Hydrogen bonding - weak attraction • common between water molecules (surface tension)

  21. General Biology Review:Acid/Base Balance pH = measure of the amount of H+ in solution = -log [H+]; • neutral = pH 7 = 10-7 moles H+/liter • Acids- donate H+ lower pH • e.g., H2CO3H+ + HCO3- • Bases- donate OH-or accept H+ raise pH • e.g., KOH  K+ + OH- • Acids or Bases may be inorganic (e.g., HCl, KOH) or organic (e.g., H2CO3)

  22. General Biology Review:Acid/Base Balance • Strength and Concentration • Strength = ability to dissociate (ionize) • inorganic acids/bases are usually strong • organic acids/bases are usually weak • Concentration = amount of solute in solution • Buffers • help prevent radical changes in pH • replace strong acid/base with weaker one

  23. General Biology Review:Organic Compounds Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Proteins General Functions: Structure Catalysts Transportation Movement pH and Osmoregulation Regulation Defense Against Diseases

More Related