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Community anti-discrimination legislation. Fields still to be covered and possible use of existing tools. Sébastien Van Drooghenbroeck Professor Facultés Universitaires Saint-Louis Bruxelles. General Overview. What’s a Hierarchy ? Analytical Framework
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Community anti-discrimination legislation. Fields still to be covered and possible use of existing tools Sébastien Van Drooghenbroeck Professor Facultés Universitaires Saint-Louis Bruxelles
General Overview • What’s a Hierarchy ? Analytical Framework • The « hierarchies » in the EU anti-discrimination legislation : de lege lata • Are these hierarchies justifiable, or, at least, explainable ? • The Commission proposal for a new directive : partial remedies and remaining problems • The need for a global reform • Paths for immediate and interim solutions
1° What’s a Hierarchy ? Analytical Framework • Hierarchy « ratione personae » : prohibited grounds of discrimination • Hierarchy « ratione materiae » : fields of application of the prohibition • Hierarchy « ratione interdictionis » : meaning of « discrimination » • Hierarchy « ratione refutationis » : admissibility, form and conditions of a justification for a differentiated treatment • Hierarchy « ratione protectionis » : means and techniques of protection of the victims
2° The « hierarchies » in the EU anti-discrimination legislation : de lege lata • Hierarchy « ratione personae » : closed list of prohibited grounds • Hierarchy « ratione materiae » : comparison of the fields covered for each prohibited ground
2° The « hierarchies » in the EU anti-discrimination legislation : de lege lata (2) • Hierarchy « ratione interdictionis » • Hierarchy « ratione refutationis » : • Open and closed systems of justification in EU antidiscrimination legislation • Formal and substantial conditions for a legitimate « open justification » • Level of judicial scrutiny • Hierarchy « ratione protectionis » : Equality bodies
3° Are these hierarchies in EU legislation justifiable, or, at least, explainable ? • The hierarchies in constitutional and international human rights law. The Case-law of the European Court of Human Rights • The lack of justification of the hierarchies made by EU legislation • The search for a « political » explanation
4° The Commission proposal for a new directive : partial remedies and remaining problems • Hierarchy « ratione materiae » : no solution provided for the gaps in the protection against gender discrimination • Hierarchy « ratione materiae » : partial exclusions of applicability in the field of « Goods and Services » and in the field of « education »
4° The Commission proposal for a new directive : partial remedies and remaining problems (2) • Hierarchy « ratione refutationis » : • The trend to maximan openness • « 6. Notwithstanding paragraph 2, Member States may provide that differences of treatment on grounds of age shall not constitute discrimination, if, within the context of national law, they are justified by a legitimate aim, and if the means of achieving that aim are appropriate and necessary. In particular, this Directive shall not preclude the fixing of a specific age for access to social benefits, education and certain goods or services » • Comparison with Directive 2004/113/EC in the field of insurance and financial services
4° The Commission proposal for a new directive : partial remedies and remaining problems (3) • Hierarchy « ratione protectionis »: no Equality body in the fields covered by Directive 2000/78/EC
5° The need for a global reform • A global reform is needed to : • adopt a definitive and uniform position over the power of the EU to issue anti-discrimination legislation in certain fields (education) • introduce, in a uniform and systematic way, the « new concepts » of antidiscrimination law (« discrimination by association » and « discrimination by imputation ») • lay down a complete and coherent legal regime on « multiple discriminations » • A global reform is risky : levelling down instead of levelling up
6°Paths for immediate and interim solutions • The Constitution’s « higher bid » : the Case of Belgium’s Federal antidiscrimination acts (2007) • Prohibited grounds of discrimination: la prétendue race, la couleur de peau, l’ascendance, l’origine nationale ou ethnique, la nationalité, le sexe (et les critères y assimilés, à savoir, l’état de grossesse, la maternité, l’accouchement, et le fait d’avoir subi une opération de conversion sexuelle), l’âge, l’orientation sexuelle, l’état civil, la naissance, la fortune, la conviction religieuse ou philosophique, les opinions politiques, la langue, l’état de santé actuel ou futur, un handicap, une caractéristique physique, une caractéristique génétique, l’ origine sociale et les convictions syndicales • Uniform fields of application : 1° l'accès aux biens et services et la fourniture de biens et services à la disposition du public; 2° la protection sociale, en ce compris la sécurité sociale et les soins de santé; 3° les avantages sociaux; 4° les régimes complémentaires de sécurité sociale; 5° les relations de travail; 6° la mention dans une pièce officielle ou dans un procès-verbal; 7° l'affiliation à et l'engagement dans une organisation de travailleurs ou d'employeurs ou toute autre organisation dont les membres exercent une profession donnée, y compris les avantages procurés par ce type d'organisations; 8° l'accès, la participation et tout autre exercice d'une activité économique, sociale, culturelle ou politique accessible au public
6°Paths for immediate and interim solutions (2) • The general principles of Community law : from Mangold to Bartsch • The ECHR’s « higher bid » ECHR, Danilenkov and others (2009) « The Court finds crucially important that individuals affected by discriminatory treatment should be provided with an opportunity to challenge it and to have the right to take legal action to obtain damages and other relief. Therefore, the States are required under Articles 11 and 14 of the Convention to set up a judicial system that would ensure real and effective protection against the anti-union discrimination »