Roman Carthage

1. Roman Carthage Lorrie Plonka Katie O’Flanagan Tania Camuti

2. Carthage • The Phoenician name for Carthage is Kart-hadasht, which means “New City” or “New Capital”

3. Timeline of Carthaginian History • 814 Traditional date on whichCarthage was founded by Elissa (Dido), sister of the King of Tyre. • 750 Date on which Carthage founded according to archeological evidence. • 700-500 Heavy Greek colonization of Sicily, Southern Italy, Southern Provence, Andalusia and Cyrenaica, encircling Carthaginian territory. • 550 Carthage allies with the Etruscans against the Greeks. Led by Malchus defeat the Greeks in Sicily. • 535 Carthage, with Etruscans, destroys Phocaean colony in Corsica and closes Sardinia-Corsica off to the Greeks. • 507 First treaty with Rome • 479-450 Carthage focuses on conquering Africa most of what is now Tunisia. • 409 Carthage initiates attempts to conquer Sicily. Comes into conflict with Rome • 350 Carthage becomes a leading Western power. • 348 Second treaty with Rome. • 334 Carthage makes peace with the Greek empire and with the Lagos monarchy in Egypt. • 308 Bomilcar tries to make himself dictator in Carthage. Is defeated and tortured to death. • 306 Third treaty with Rome. • 265 Carthage and Rome support opposing sides in a war in Sicily. • 264 Beginning of the First Punic War (Between Rome and Carthage) • 262 Rome victorious at Messana. Syracuse goes over to Romans. Acragas falls to Romans. • 241 End of the First Punic War. Carthage is defeated. Sicily is lost. • 228 Carthago Nova (i.e. New Carthage, later Cartagena) founded by Hasdrubal. • 226 Treaty with Rome defines Ebro River as boundary between spheres. • 221 Hasdrubal assassinated by an Iberian — succeeded by Hannibal. • 218 Beginning of the Second Punic War. Hannibal crosses the Alps. • 217 Carthaginian victory at Lake Trasimene over Flaminius. • 216 Carthaginian victory at Cannae over Terentius Varro. Greek sovereigns Philip V of Macedonia and Hiero of Syracuse join Carthage's cause, though without committing deeply. • 204 Scipio allies with Libyans, Moors and Numidians to take the war to Africa. Is defeated by Scipio in two successive battles. • 202 Hannibal defeated at Zama. End of the Second Punic War. • 201 Peace treaty with Rome • 194 Hannibal flees to court of Antiochus to escape his Roman enemies. • 183 Hannibal dies by his own hand to escape Romans in Bithynia. • 149 Third Punic War begins.Rome declares war in retaliation for treaty violation. • 66-43 Cicero gave his law court speeches. • 146 End of the Third Punic War.Carthage falls to Scipio Aemilianus. City burnt to the ground. “Delenda est Carthago." • 19 Vergil dies; Augustus has his 'unfinished' national epic published. Integral to the epic is Aeneas' stay in Carthage. In the Aeneid, Vergil explains the mythical causes of the tension between the Romans and Carthaginians. • Late 1st Century Augustus, following the intentions of his adoptive father Julius Caesar, establishes a colony of veterans on the site of Punic Carthage. • 124 AD Birth of Apuleius. • 158 AD The date for Apuleius’ Apology. Claudius Maximus is proconsul of Africa. • 170 AD Death of Apuleius.

4. Map of Ancient Mediterranean

5. Bibliography Apuleius. The Apology. Trans. H.E.Butler. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1909. Cicero. Murder Trials. Trans. Michael Grant. London: Penguin Books, 1990. Lewis, Naphtali & Meyer Reinhold. Roman Civilization: The Republic and the Age of Augustus. Vol 1. New York Columbia University Press, 1990. MacKendrick Paul & Herbert Howe. Classics in Translation: Latin Literature. Vol 2. Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 1980. Rives, J. B. Religion and authority in Roman Carthage from Augustus to Constantine. New York : Oxford University Press, 1995. Vergil. Aeneid. Trans. Frank O Copley. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1965.