Civil War Photography

1. Civil War Photography • Who is in the picture – Union or Confederacy? • Volunteer or drafted (consider dates if offered)? • What has his time as a soldier been like? What has been this soldier’s experience? • Where is this photograph taken? • Eastern front or Western front? • When was the photograph taken? • Before or after a battle? • What does the picture tell you about the Civil War? Using Mathew Brady’s pictures

2. First Battle of Bull Run = First Battle of Manassas

3. Battle Basics • Where • Manassas Junction, Virginia • When • July 21, 1861 • Who • Union: Irwin McDowell • Confederate: Joseph Johnston, Robert E. Lee, Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson • What • Inexperience of troops and Gen. • Confederates better positioning yet lacking in shear numbers • Reinforcements (Johnston) and fearless leadership of Lee and Jackson led to a Confederate victory • Outcome • Confederate victory • Blow to the Union ego • Realization on both sides that this was going to be a long war • Revision of training and battle strategies

6. Monitor VS Merrimac The Monitor, the Merrimack, and the Civil War Sea Battle that Changed History

7. Battle Basics • Where • Hampton Roads, Virginia • When • March 1862 • Who • Iron clad ships • Union: Monitor • Confederate: Merrimac (refurbished Union Navy ship; renamed USS Virginia) • What • Union attempt to execute the Peninsular Plan the first Naval battle took place • Cannons bouncing off the sides of both iron-clad ships resulting in little damage • Both sides withdrawal • Outcome • No clear winner • Confederacy in the long term could not compete with Union Navy • Union continues to dominate the waterways (coast) with its effective blockade

11. Battle of Shiloh Battle of Shiloh - History Channel

12. Battle Basics • Where • Shiloh, Tennessee (Pittsburg Landing) • When • April 6-7, 1862 • Who • Union: Ulysses S. Grant • What • Execution of the Anaconda Plan – capture the Mississippi River • Forts Henry and Donelson had been early victories for the Union on the western front led by Gen. Grant • Initially, the Union was caught off guard by the Confederates at Shiloh • Day two Grant is relentless and dominates the battle fields pushing the Confederates back down south • Outcome • Union victory • Union working its way to northern Miss. River • During this same time, Union Gunboats had captured New Orleans and effectively gaining control of the southern Mississippi

16. Second Battle of Bull Run = Second Battle of Manassas

17. Battle Basics • Where • Manassas, Virginia • When • August 28-30, 1862 • Who • Union: John Pope • Confederate: James Longstreet, Robert E. Lee, Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson • What • Last attempt by the Union to capture Richmond from the south (Peninsular Campaign) • Union had suffered several losses on their way • Union General Pope is flanked by Confederate generals and is forced to retreat • Outcome • Confederate victory • Second loss at Manassas • Lincoln continues to retool his hierarchy of generals

21. Battle of Antietam

22. Battle Basics • Where • Sharpsburg, Maryland (Antietam Creek) • When • September 17-18, 1862 • Who • Union: George McClellan • Confederate: Robert E. Lee • What • First attempt by the Confederates to push back the Union • When leaving camp, Lee (one of his inferior officers) left behind the Confederate battle strategy and map • McClellan was slow to react once the battle plan was discovered, yet managed to head Lee off at Antietam (Sharpsburg, MD) • Despite both sides suffering enormous losses, Lee retreats • Outcome • Union victory • Bloodiest single day of entire Civil War – 23,000 troops dead/wounded • McClellan is immediately replaced by Ambrose Burnside • Lincoln uses this victory to announce his Emancipation Proclamation

23. Pd. 1 Battle of Antietam

26. Battle of Fredericksburg “a great slaughter pen”

27. Battle Basics • Where • Fredericksburg, Virginia • When • December 1862 • Who • Union: Ambrose Burnside • Confederate: Longstreet & Lee • What • Crossing the Rappahannock River was Burnsides initial challenge – “build a bridge” • While the bridges are being built, the Confederates are establishing a stronghold in town (higher elevation) • Union attempts to cross the river in pontoon boats and is devastated by the superior position of the Confederates • Burnside retreats facing more than 13,000 casualties • Outcome • Confederate victory • Another Eastern Front victory; limited loss of 5,000 men

30. Battle of Chancellorsville

31. Battle Basics • Where • Chancellorsville, Virginia • When • May 1863 • Who • Union: Joseph Hooker • Confederate: Robert E. Lee, Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson • What • With more than double the troop numbers, Hooker divides his men into three (two to cut off the supply line of the Confederates and one to be commanded directly at the Rebels) • Hooker’s troops are slow to get through the forests at Wilderness and out maneuvered • Union troops are attacked on both sides forcing them to retreat • Outcome • Confederate victory • Confederates suffer a huge loss when Stonewall Jackson is killed by his own troops

34. Battle of Vicksburg

35. July 1863 Gettysburg, PA Vicksburg, MS Fort Wagner, SC

36. Battle Basics • Where • Vicksburg, Mississippi • When • May-July 1863; six week siege • Who • Union: U.S. Grant • Confederate: John Pemberton • What • Grant has slowly been moving south along the Mississippi; a win at Vicksburg would mean the Union had 100% control of the River • Grant surrounds the town and cuts off all supplies • Pemberton’s men are suffering – eating rats, mules, and living in filth until his surrender • Outcome • Union victory • Turning point in the West • Gettysburg July 1-3, 2863 • Grant is asked to take command of the entire Union Military (moving him to the East)

39. Battle of Gettysburg

40. Battle Basics • Where • Gettysburg, Pennsylvania • When • July 1-3, 1863 • Who • Union: General George Meade, Gen. Joshua Chamberlain • Confederate: General Robert E. Lee, Gen. George Pickett • What • See slides • Outcome • Union victory • More than 51,000 men dead/wounded • Turning point in the East • Because Gen. George Meade does not follow up on Lee Meade is replaced by Gen. U.S. Grant

41. The Gettysburg Campaign

42. The Gettysburg Campaign Packet copy

43. Why does the war move from the South to the North? • Following Chancellorsville, Lee pushes into northern territory for the second time • Antietam (Sharpsburg, Maryland) – 1862 Gettysburg, Pennsylvania - 1863 • Gain recognition from foreign govts. • Ease stress on western front • Relieve farmers/factories of VA – supplies from North

44. Day One

45. Day One Packet copy

46. Day 1 – what happened? • Converging on the town from the north and west • Confederates, by nightfall, officially had taken over Gettysburg • Driving Meade (Union) back towards Cemetery Hill • Without terrorizing the civilians, Confederates had complete access to the supplies, vantage points (Seminary, Fahnestock Store, etc.) and shelter of Gettysburg • Day one was a clear victory from the start for the Confederacy

48. Day Two

49. Day Two Packet copy

50. Day 2 – what happened? • A quiet morning but a ferocious afternoon • Confederates trying to beat the flanks for the Union (Devil’s Den/Little Round Top and Culp’s Hill) – hoping to surround Union forces • Confederates earn a short lived victory with Culp’s Hill, but by nightfall being pushed back by the Union • Devil’s Den was a bloody mess with the Confederates eventually taking over and pushing their way up onto Little Round Top