Toepassingen van de supergeleiding

1. Toepassingen van de supergeleiding Door Wim Peeters Universiteit Antwerpen

2. In het onderzoek van elementaire deeltjesfysica

3. Met zeer sterke magneten kan men goed diamagnetisme aantonen

6. Klassieke diamagneten bij superhoge velden (50 T) in Nijmegen

7. Flux quantisatie: een prachtig macroscopisch (lange afstands) quantum effect • De magnetische flux is een gequantiseerde grootheid. • Dit geldt ook voor de flux door een supergeleidende ring. • De eenheid van flux heet fluxoid:

9. Josephson contacten (=juncties):Supergeleidende elektronica! • Tunnel effect! Josephson stroom zonder spanning! • Twee laagjes supergeleidend materiaal • Onderbroken door een isolator, Cooperpaar tunnelt van weerszijden • Stroom oscilleert met :definitie van de Volt! • Macroscopische quantum interferentie met faseverschil zwakke signalen (SQUIDS)(Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID))

10. Josephson!

11. Hersens zien: MRI, Cat scans en.. SQUIDS • De SQUID is in staat een verandering van één fluxquantum te meten! • Hersens: magneetveld • Zo bestaat er ook een superfluïde SQUID: soort gyroscoop, ultragevoelig voor rotaties

12. Biomagnetism: • Some processes in animals produce very small magnetic fields (typically sized between a billionth of a Tesla and a thousand billionth of a Tesla - a typical fridge magnet is a tenth of a Tesla). The only type of detector sensitive enough to measure such a field is a SQUID. In the human body, studies have taken place measuring the fields arising from the susceptibility of tissue to applied magnetic fields, ionic healing currents and currents associated with neural or muscular activity.

13. By far the biggest area of research is Magnetoencephalography (MEG) the imaging of the human brain from magnetic fields. This involves measuring the magnetic field produced by the currents due to neural activity. Unlike other methods which image the structure of the brain MEG images can be acquired every millisecond, allowing real-time imaging systems. • In most available systems, arrays of gradiometer DC SQUID detectors are contained within a helmet surrounded by a liquid helium reservoir for cooling. The Neuromag Ltd. 122 is such a system and is shown in figure 2, with the sensor array in figure 3 and a schematic of the detector in figure 4. • SQUIDs have also been used to measure the magnetic fields from a heartbeat. This is known as a magnetocardiogram. In such systems magnetometers are normally used, measuring the magnitude of the field present. Some systems with gradiometers have been used enabling measurements in an unshielded environment.

14. Scanning SQUID Microscopy • Geophysical Applications of SQUIDs • High Temperature SQUIDs • The development of SQUIDs constructed from superconductors with high critical temperatures has brought about much simplification and reduced cost while increasing the mobility and flexibility of SQUIDs. However modern cooling systems are beginning to give this to Low Temperature Superconductor (LTS) applications as well.

15. Praktijk: • Verder in de medische sector: De glazen patiënt. • En het TERA project: presentatie • Op http://www.superconductors.org/Uses.htm

16. MAGLEV • A landmark for Maglev occurred in 1990 when it gained the status of a nationally-funded project. The Minister of Transport authorized construction of the Yamanashi Maglev Test Line, targeting the final confirmation of Maglev for practical use. The new test line called the Yamanashi Maglev Test Line opened on April 3, 1997 and is now being used to perform running tests in Yamanashi Prefecture. In the same year, the Maglev vehicle MLX01 in a three-car train set achieved world speed records, attaining a maximum speed of 531 km/h in a manned vehicle run on December 12, and a maximum speed of 550 km/h in an unmanned vehicle run on December 24. On March 18, 1999, MLX01 in a five-car train set attained a maximum speed of 548 km/h. On April 14, 1999, this five-car train set surpassed the speed record of the three-car train set, attaining a maximum speed of 552 km/h in a manned vehicle run.

17. Stroomopwekking • Electric generators made with superconducting wire are far more efficient than conventional generators wound with copper wire. In fact, their efficiency is above 99% and their size about half that of conventional generators. These facts make them very lucrative ventures for power utilities. General Electric has estimated the potential worldwide market for superconducting generators in the next decade at around $20-30 billion dollars. Late in 2002 GE Power Systems received $12.3 million in funding from the U.S. Department of Energy to move high-temperature superconducting generator technology toward full commercialization. To read the latest news on superconducting generators click • => Air Force Looks at New Microwave Weapon (het leger…)

18. Stabiliteit elektriciteits netwerk • Other commercial power projects in the works that employ superconductor technology include energy storage to enhance power stability. American Superconductor Corp. received an order from Alliant Energy in late March 2000 to install a Distributed Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage System (D-SMES) in Wisconsin. Just one of these 6 D-SMES units has a power reserve of over 3 million watts, which can be retrieved whenever there is a need to stabilize line voltage during a disturbance in the power grid. AMSC has also installed more than 22 of its D-VAR systems to provide instantaneous reactive power support.

19. Recently, power utilities have also begun to use superconductor-based transformers and "fault limiters". The Swiss-Swedish company ABB was the first to connect a superconducting transformer to a utility power network in March of 1997. ABB also recently announced the development of a 6.4MVA (mega-volt-ampere) fault current limiter - the most powerful in the world. This new generation of HTS superconducting fault limiters is being called upon due to their ability to respond in just thousandths of a second to limit tens of thousands of amperes of current.

20. Superconductors have also found widespread applications in the military. HTSC SQUIDS are being used by the US NAVY to detect mines and submarines. • And, significantly smaller motors are being built for NAVY ships using superconducting wire and "tape". In mid-July, 2001, American Superconductor unveiled a 5000-horsepower motor made with superconducting wire (below).

21. Among emerging technologies are a stabilizing momentum wheel (gyroscope) for earth-orbiting satellites that employs the "flux-pinning" properties of imperfect superconductors to reduce friction to near zero. Superconducting x-ray detectors and ultra-fast, superconducting light detectors are being developed due to their inherent ability to detect extremely weak amounts of energy. Already Scientists at the European Space Agency (ESA) have developed what's being called the S-Cam, an optical camera of phenomenal sensitivity. And, superconductors may even play a role in Internet communications soon. In late February, 2000, Irvine Sensors Corporation received a $1 million contract to research and develop a superconducting digital router for high-speed data communications up to 160 Ghz. Since Internet traffic is increasing exponentially, superconductor technology is being called upon to meet this super need.

22. Samenvatting

23. Dank u wel!