DDL (Data Definition Language)

1. DDL (Data Definition Language) Data Definition Language is used 1. to Create an object 2. to alter the structure of an object 3. to drop an object created ankitg1689@gmail.com

2. How To Create Table? • Syntax : create table tablename (columnname data type(size), columnname data type(size), …); • We should specify unique column name • We should specify proper data type along with its width. • If the above command is executed successfully the message “table created” is displayed. ankitg1689@gmail.com

3. Naming Conventions For Table Name The table name should adhere strictly to the following norms • First letter should be alphabet • Reserve word cannot be used • Maximum length for table name is 30 characters • Two different tables cannot have same name • Underscore, numerals & letters are allowed but not blank space and Single quotes. Note: If the user uses double quotes then upper & lower case are not equivalent. e.g. “info”, “INFO”, “Info” are not same. ankitg1689@gmail.com

4. Example To Create Table • Create table client_master (client_no varchar2(6), name varchar2(15), addr varchar2(25), bal_due number(10,2)); ankitg1689@gmail.com

5. How to view table structure? Command: desc If user wants to view the table structure above command will achieve the same. Syntax: Desc (tablename); Example: desc client_master; This will display structure of table client_master. ankitg1689@gmail.com

6. How to Insert Data Into Table? • Insert Command: Once table is created it remains skeletal structure unless it is populated with data. The insert command is used to add one or more records to a table. • Syntax: insert into tablename values(expression,expression,…); OR insert into tablename (columnname, coumnname,…) values(expression,expression,…); ankitg1689@gmail.com

7. Insert Statement : When inserting a single row of data into a table, the insert operation, • creates a new row in the database table • loads that row with the values passed into all the columns specified • In Insert statement columns & values have one to one relationship. (first value into first column) • If there are exactly same no. of values as per no. of columns & values are in accordance with the way the column were created; then no need to specify column name • If there are less values than the columns in the table then it is mandatory to indicate both the column name & its corresponding value in the insert statement. ankitg1689@gmail.com

8. (….continued) • While using ‘insert’ values are separated by commas and values having data types char, varchar/varchar2, raw, long, date should be enclosed in the single quotes. • Values must be entered in the same order as they are defined in the table. ankitg1689@gmail.com

9. Use Of ‘&’ In Insert Statement Syntax: Insert into tablename values(‘&expr1’, ‘&expr2’,…..); Oracle will prompt the user to enter values for specified columns. • Discussion of example. ankitg1689@gmail.com

10. Viewing Data In The Table Select Command: Request for information stored in a table can be done through the select command. (This is generally referred as ‘querying’ the table.) We can use ‘Select’ to view 1. All rows and all columns 2. Filtered data ankitg1689@gmail.com

11. All Rows And All Columns: Syntax In order to view global table data the syntax is, select columnname1, columnname2, ……..n from tablename; e.g. select cl_no, name, addr, bal_due from client_master; OR select * from tablename; e.g. select * from client_master; Note: Oracle allows the user to use the meta character asterisk(*), which is expanded by the oracle to mean all columns. ankitg1689@gmail.com

12. Filtering Table Data: SQL gives us filtering out data that is not required. The ways of filtering table data are, 1. selected columns and all rows 2. selected rows and all columns 3. selected columns and selected rows Note: Oracle engine compiles the sentence, executes it, and retrieves data for all columns/rows from the table. ankitg1689@gmail.com

13. selected columns and all rows: It is retrieval of specific columns of a table. Syntax: select columnname ,columnname from tablename; Example: select client_no, name from client_master; ankitg1689@gmail.com

14. selected rows and all columns • Oracle provides the option of using where clause in combination with select statement to apply filter on rows. • Syntax Select * from tablename where search condition; Example Select * from client_master where bal_due>0; ankitg1689@gmail.com

15. Where Clause • When where clause added to SQL sentence, the oracle server compares each record from the table with the condition specified in where clause. • Oracle displays only those records that satisfy the specified condition. • Where clause can appear only after from clause. • In search condition all standard operators can be used. (logical, arithmetic, comparison) ankitg1689@gmail.com

16. Selected Rows And Selected Columns It is used to view specific data set from a table . Syntax: select columnname, columnname from tablename where search condition; Example: Select client_no, client_name from client_master where bal_due>0; ankitg1689@gmail.com

17. Elimination Of Duplicates: • To prevent selection of duplicate rows, we include distinct clause in the select statement. Syntax: select distinctcolumnname, columnname from tablename; The above syntax scans through the values of columns specified and displays unique values from amongst them. Example: select distinct job from employee; ankitg1689@gmail.com

18. (….continued) Syntax: select distinct * from tablename; • The above syntax scans through entire rows, and eliminates rows that have exactly the same contents in each column. Example: select distinct * from client_master; This will select only unique row from client_master, ankitg1689@gmail.com

19. Sorting Data In a Table • Oracle allows data from a table to be viewed in a sorted order. • The rows retrieved from the table will be sorted in either ascending or descending order • Ascending or descending order of the data is depends on condition specified in the select clause. Syntax select * from tablename order by columnname, columname [sort order]; ankitg1689@gmail.com

20. Ascending Order: select * from client_master order by client_no; The above query will display all records from client_master sorted in ascending order as per column client_no. • Descending Order: For viewing the data in descending order the word ‘desc’ must mentioned after the column name and before the semi colon in order by clause. In case there is no mention of sort order in order by clause Oracle engine sorts in ascending order by default. select client_no, name, addr1, city from client_master order by client_no desc; ankitg1689@gmail.com

21. Creating a Table From a Table: syntax: create table tablename [(columnname, columnname)] as select columnname, columnname from tablename; • Source Table: Source table is that identified in the select clause. Target Table: The target table is one specified In the create statement. • The above SQL statement will populate target table with the data from source table. ankitg1689@gmail.com

22. (….continued) • Example: create table course(Coursename, Fees, Stud_admit) as select Coursename, Fees, Stud_admit from college_info; If the source table college_info was populated with records these will be uploaded in course table. ankitg1689@gmail.com

23. How to create table structure from Source Table? • To create a target table without records from source table (only structure creation) , the select statement should contain a ‘where clause’. • The condition specified in where clause must not be satisfied. ankitg1689@gmail.com

24. Inserting Data Into a Table From Another Table: Oracle allows to populate a table with data that already exist in another table. (one row at a time into a table). Insertion of records from one table to another: Syntax: insert into tablename select columnname, columnname from tablename; Example: insert into Client_master select client_name, addr from client_info; ankitg1689@gmail.com

25. Insertion of data set from one table to another: Syntax: insert into tablename select columnname, columnname from tablename where column=expr; Example: insert into Client_master select client_name, addr from client_info where client_name=‘Akash’; ankitg1689@gmail.com

26. Delete Operations: • The Delete command is used to remove rows from table. • We can use delete command for two operations. 1. To delete all the rows from table 2. To delete a set of rows. • Removal of All Rows: Syntax: delete from tablename; Example: delete from client_master; ankitg1689@gmail.com

27. (…continued) Removal Of Specified Rows: Syntax: delete from tablename where search condition; Example: delete from client_master where bal_due<1000; ankitg1689@gmail.com

28. Updating Contents Of A Table: • Update command is used to change data values in a table. • We can use update command • To update all rows from a table • To update data set of rows from a table Updating All Rows: Syntax: update tablename set columnname=‘expr’; Example: update client_master set bal_due=5000; ankitg1689@gmail.com

29. Updating Records Conditionally: Syntax: update tablename set columnname=‘expr’ where search condition; Example: update client_master set bal_due=5000 where client_name=‘Thomus’; ankitg1689@gmail.com

30. How to Modify Structure Of Table? We can modify structure of table by, 1. Adding new column 2. Modifying existing column To Add New Columns: Syntax: alter table tablename add(newcolumnname datatype(size),…..n); alter table client_master add(client_tele numer(8)); ankitg1689@gmail.com

31. Modifying Existing Column: Syntax: alter table tablename modify(columnname newdatatype(newsize),…..n); Example: alter table client_master add(client_tele numer(10)); ankitg1689@gmail.com

32. Restrictions on the Alter Table: Alter table cannot be performed • to change name of the table • to change name of the column • to drop a column • Decrease size of a column if table data exists ankitg1689@gmail.com

33. To Rename Tables: Syntax: rename oldname to newname; Example: rename client_master to client_info; ankitg1689@gmail.com

34. Destroying Table: Syntax: drop table tablename; Example: drop table client_master; ankitg1689@gmail.com

35. Examining Objects Created By User: select * from tab; This command will display object name and type of object. ankitg1689@gmail.com