Genetics

1. Genetics How do traits pass from parents to offspring?

2. Genetics Unit p • Create a vocabulary sheet. Through-out these notes, write any “red” vocabulary words and their definitions on this page.

3. DNA  Chromosomes • From Chromosome to DNA • How DNA is packaged animation • Meiosis is how DNA is copied and sepereted to make gametes (sperm and egg)

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5. Complete cornell notes for the Meiosis video (bozeman…goes quick…) • What is the purpose of Meiosis and Mitosis? p

6. Complete the lab “Why don’t we look like our siblings” p

9. Alleles Traits Principle of Dominance Some alleles are dominant and others are recessive Dominant Alleles Recessive Alleles Inheritance • Gregor Mendel – “Father of Genetics” • Did experiments with pea plants in mid-late 1800’s to show basic patterns of inheritance • Seed Shape (round or wrinkled) • Seed Color (yellow or green) • Seed Coat color (gray or white) • Pod Shape (smooth or constricted) • Pod Color (green or yellow) • Flower Position (axial or terminal) • Plant Height (tall or short) Found that when two plants with different alleles are crossed, the offspring look like one of the parents, rather than a blending of both parents.

10. Linked genes (genes that occur very close to one another on a chromosome) are the exception Write these 4 ideas from Mendel Summary of Mendel’s PrinciplesPhenotype song • Gregor Mendel’s work forms the basis of modern genetics: • Genes are passed from parent to offspring • Some forms of genes (alleles) are dominant while others are recessive • Genes randomly segregate (independent assortment) when gametes are formed • The alleles for different genes usually segregate independently of one another p

11. Inheritance: the passing of traitsfrom parents to offspring • Gregor Mendel – “Father of Genetics” • Phenotype - The observable physical characteristic of a trait • Genotype - The genetic combination of alleles for a trait • Punnett Square– tool used to predict probability of phenotype Phenotype:White Genotype:pp Phenotype:Purple Genotype:PP Notice that letters are used to represent the alleles (usually correspond to the dominant phenotype – e.g. “P” for purple) Upper Case Letters = Dominant Allele Lower Case Letters = Recessive Allele

12. Practice p • Overview of genes to traits video • Copy the 3 questions below: • What do they mean when they say “you have your father’s hair”? • How many chromosomes do organisms have? • How much DNA do we have in common with other animals?

13. p • Complete the “Just Like Me” lab.

14. Just like Me Widow’s Peak (P) No Widows peak (p)

15. Just Like Me Dimples (D) No Dimples (d)

16. Just Like Me Freckles (F) No Freckles (f)

17. Just Like Me PTC Taster (J) PTC nontaster (j)

18. Just Like Me Hand cross Right thumb on top (A) Hand cross Left thumb on top (a)

19. Just Like Me “Bent” Little fingers (B) Parallel little fingers (b)

20. Just Like Me Tongue roller (T) Non-tongue roller (t)

21. Just Like Me Hair on fingers (H) No hair on fingers (h)

22. Just Like Me Free ear lobe (unattached) (E) Attached ear lobe (e)

23. Just Like Me Cleft (dimpled) chin (C) No cleft chin (c)

24. Just Like Me PREDICTION • For each trait, make a prediction about what percentage of your classmates are “like you” for each trait.

25. Just Like Me p results finish Fill in the chart on your paper Make a bar graph of the results Answer all the questions • Go to your teachers website • Click on the phenotype survey link • Fill in your results • Use the “form” button on the top menu bar to show the class results

26. Pure-Breed Crosses result in: 100% chance dominant phenotype Hybrid Crosses result in: 75% chance dominant phenotype 25% chance recessive phenotype Inheritance • Gregor Mendel – “Father of Genetics” • Found that alleles show up in predictable patterns and that some alleles show up more often than others • Homozygous (Pure-Breeds) - both alleles are the same • Heterozygous (Hybrids) - both alleles are different • Carriers – heterozygotes for a recessive trait

27. Inheritance • Gregor Mendel – “Father of Genetics” • Found that alleles show up in predictable patterns and that some alleles show up more often than others • Alleles can be tracked through multiple generations and probabilities determined Parents: P1 generation First Generation: First Filial (F1)100% chance dominant phenotype Second Generation: Second Filial (F2)75% chance dominant phenotype Third Generation: Third Filial (F3)63% chance dominant phenotype 75% chance 100% chance 75% chance 0% chance

28. Practice p • Dominant vs Recessive genes video • Video on making punnett squares

29. Solving Punnett Squares : p • If a round pea plant (AA) is crossed with a wrinkled pea plant (aa), what percent of the offspring will be: • Round? • Wrinkled? • If two heterozygous round pea plants are crossed, what percent of the offspring will be: • Round? • Wrinkled? • If a heterozygous round pea plant is crossed with a homozygous wrinkled pea plant, what percent of the offspring will be: • Round? • Wrinkled?

30. Complete the Probability Lab (Long vs Short Big Toe)

31. Phenotypic Expression Varies • Complete Dominance: • Homozygous dominant genotype  dominant phenotype • Heterozygous genotype  dominant phenotype • Homozygous recessive genotype  recessive phenotype • Codominance • Incomplete Dominance • Sex-Linked • Polygenic Traits

32. Complete dominance p86 p • Which of the following are genotypes and which are phenotypes: Brown hair Homozygous recessive Bb Webbed Fingers Hybrid Down Syndrome 2. If two individuals mate and their child has a phenotype completely different from both parents, what was the genotype of the parents?

33. Practice • Sponge Bob Genetics p

34. Phenotypic Expression Varies • Complete Dominance • Codominance • Homozygous genotype  one phenotype • Heterozygous genotype  both phenotypes • Incomplete Dominance • Sex-Linked • Polygenic Traits

35. Codominance p • If two alleles are codominant and two heterozygous (spotted RW) flowers mate, what percentage of the offspring will have white flowers (WW) and what percentage will have red flowers (RR)?

36. R1 R1 R2 R1R2 R1R2 R2 R1R2 R1R2 R R W RW RW W RW RW Phenotypic Expression Varies • Complete Dominance • Codominance • Homozygous genotype  one phenotype • Heterozygous genotype  both phenotypes • Incomplete Dominance • Sex-Linked • Polygenic Traits

37. Practice • Intro to blood types (first 3 minutes good) • Complete blood typing handout p

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39. Phenotypic Expression Varies • Complete Dominance • Codominance • Incomplete Dominance • Homozygous genotype  one phenotype • Heterozygous genotype  new phenotype • Sex-Linked • Polygenic Traits

40. Complete Dominance • Codominance • Incomplete Dominance • Sex-Linked • X-linked: gene lies on X chromosome (males only have one copy of the gene) • Y-linked: gene lies on Y chromosome (only males have the gene) • Contributes to younger mortality rate in males • Polygenic Traits

41. Practice • Pipe Cleaner babies and genetic traits”. p

42. Hemophilia Hemophilia

43. Hemophilia

44. X-linked Inheritance worksheet p

45. Solving Punnett Squares Predicting phenotype gets more complicated when you look at more than one trait at a time Parents Depending on how the chromosomes independently assort determines the genotype, and thus phenotype, of the resulting progeny (offspring) Offspring

46. Solving Punnett Squares: • If a round, yellow pea plant (AABB) is crossed with a wrinkled, green pea plant (aabb), what percent of the offspring will be: • Round and yellow? • Round and green? • Wrinkled and yellow? • Wrinkled and green? • What about the F2 generation? p

47. Practice p • Dihybrid Crosses handout (bunny rabbits). And Sponge Bob II

48. Pedigree Rules p • What is a pedigree? • *A pedigree is a chart that shows all family members and how they are related. It follows certain rules and shows genotypes and phenotypes.

49. Boys Shaded- Phenotype being “traced” • Girls X deceased Marriage same level=same generation Mating w/o marriage Carrier (heterozygous) Kids Adopted Twins

50. Draw a pedigree for your immediate family (mom, dad, step parents, siblings, etc)