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Energy Recovery from Palm Oil Mill Effluent in Malaysia

Learn about biomass resources, anaerobic degradation of POME, sustainability issues in the palm oil industry, and the potential for energy recovery through the Clean Development Mechanism.

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Energy Recovery from Palm Oil Mill Effluent in Malaysia

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  1. International Conference on Sustainability Science in Asia23rd – 24th November 2009 Energy Recovery from Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) in Malaysia Suraini Abd-Aziz, Mohd Ali Hassan, Yoshihito Shirai & Alawi Sulaiman UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA

  2. INTRODUCTION - What is Biomass? • Agricultural crops e.g. sugarcane, cassava, corn • Agricultural residues e.g. rice straw, cassava rhizome, corncobs • Wood & wood residues e.g. fast-growing trees, wood waste from wood mill • Waste stream e.g. rice husks from rice mills, molasses & bagasse from sugar refineries, residues from palm oil mills, MSW Organic matter available on renewable basis

  3. Biomass Oil Palm Wood Rice Sugarcane Municipal EFB Forest Rice Husk Bagasse MSW Fibre Sawmill Straws Molasses Landfill Gas Shell POME Trunks/ Fronds Biomass Resources

  4. Biomass Resources in Malaysia Biomass organic matter available on a renewable basis includes forest and mill residues, wood wastes, agricultural crops and wastes, animal wastes and MSW Abundant in Malaysia > 70 million tonnes collected / year Produced throughout the year high sunlight intensity/time and high rainfall Main contributor of biomass is the palm oil industry (ligno-cellulosics)

  5. Increasing demand for food leads to increased biomass/waste generation problem with waste treatment and disposal Open dumps/landfill and wastewater treatment facility uncontrolled release of greenhouse gases/global warming groundwater and river contamination from leachate Indiscriminate dumping environmental pollution Burning of biomass emission of smoke & haze hazard emission of toxic chemicals such as dioxins No special incentives or provisions to utilise these residues Biomass business not economically feasible & long payback periods Issues Associated with Biomass

  6. Palm Oil Industry and Malaysian Socio Economy Introduced in 1911 from West Africa Commercial planting in 1917 No. 1 commodity in 1970 USD 6 billion export in 2003 More than 500 000 people employed directly and indirectly Poverty alleviation Land ownership scheme & stable income FELDA Sustainable Development 3P: Profit, People and Planet

  7. Malaysian Palm Oil Industry Fresh Fruit Bunch 70 million tonnes Palm Kernel Oil 2 million tonnes Crude Palm Oil 15 million tonnes Oil Extraction Renewable Resources Fiber 9 million tonnes Shell 4 million tonnes Fronds 13 million tonnes Trunks 8 million tonnes Palm Oil Mill Effluent 50 million tonnes Empty Fruit Bunches 15 million tonnes - during pruning and replanting

  8. 1-Hydrolysis: complex organic matter is decomposed into simple soluble organic molecules using water to split the chemical bonds between the substances. 2-Acidogenesis: the chemical decomposition of carbohydrates by enzymes, bacteria, yeasts, or molds in the absence of oxygen. 3-Acetogenesis: the fermentation products are converted into acetate, hydrogen and carbon dioxide by so-called acetogenic bacteria. 4-Methanogenesis: methane (CH4) is formed from acetate and hydrogen/carbon dioxide by methanogenic bacteria... ANAEROBIC DEGRADATION OF POME

  9. GREEN HOUSE GAS, CLIMATE CHANGE & CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM • The GHG emission - one of major factors for catastrophic climate change • Uncontrolled industrialization: • Increase the GHG level and heat trapped in atmosphere, • result in increase of the sea level, changing weather pattern, affect water supplies and eventually the WORLD FOOD supply and natural ecosystem • Clean Development Mechanism (CDM): • Kyoto Protocol 1997 • Reduction of GHG emission by facilitating co-operative projects between countries (Annex-1 and non-annex) for additional financial and technological investments.

  10. ENERGY RECOVERY PROJECT THROUGH CDM Methane release to atmosphere • Advantages: • Lower cost of investment (retrofit option), Good IRR and payback, proven technology, less land required, technology transfer, sludge for plantation or compost • Disadvantages:Tedious CER claim process • Advantages: • Lower investment cost, simple operation, proven treatment system • Disadvantages: • Large area required, high desludging cost, release methane to atmosphere

  11. SERTING HILIR BIOGAS POWER PLANT PROJECT Pilot scale digester (500 m3) JOINT R&D – UPM-KIT-FELDA Distribution of palm oil plantations in Malaysia. Plantation areas are shown in red Source: MPOB homepage on www.mpob.gov.my

  12. SERTING HILIR BIOGAS POWER PLANT PROJECT BACKGROUND

  13. SERTING HILIR BIOGAS POWER PLANT PROJECT – PROCESS FLOW To remove condensate • Remove H2S • Increase CH4 % To reduce the temperature 450C Retrofitting the existing open tanks and reduce the overall capital cost

  14. SERTING HILIR BIOGAS POWER PLANT PROJECT – BASELINE AND PROJECT SCENARIO COMPARISON • With CDM: • POME is treated in closed digester system • Methane could be captured to claim CER • Electricity could be generated more that required by the mill (500 kW) • Excess electricity could be sold to national electricity company • Excess shell and fiber could be sold • Diesel will not be used

  15. SERTING HILIR BIOGAS POWER PLANT PROJECT – INVESTMENT ANALYSIS

  16. SERTING HILIR BIOGAS POWER PLANT PROJECT – INVESTMENT ANALYSIS • The IRR is improved and the NPV is positive with CDM • The emission reduction (CER) is claimed through: • Avoidance of methane production from the open tank and pond anaerobic treatment of POME • The export of renewable electricity to the grid • The displacement of the electricity from the diesel genset of the mill • The average annual over the crediting period of estimated reduction is • 37,385 tonnes of CO2 equivalent

  17. CONCLUSIONS • The window opportunity for CDM business is open until 2012. • There are huge potential for CDM business that could be explored • from various biomass resources in the palm oil industry especially in the energy recovery projects. • POME anaerobic treatment is a very attractive CDM business. • Annex 1 countries could participate by involve in the technology transfer and CER trading as to fulfill its emission reduction target. • By implementing CDM project, Malaysia will gain sustainability in the palm oil industry (environmental, economic and social perspectives-by generating environ-friendly business around the mill in the rural areas).

  18. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) Kyushu Institute of Technology (KIT) FELDA Palm Industries Sdn. Bhd. FELDA Serting Hilir Palm Oil Mill management

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