James Watt invented the steam engine

1. James Watt invented the steam engine Not even close. Don’t tell me a story – tell me why these things are important.

2. James Watt created an improved steam engine in 1765 Yeah . . So?? Still N

3. James Watt’s improved steam engine helped begin the Industrial Revolution Simple, but shows cause and effect - A

4. James Watt’s improved steam engine freed industrial production from organic power sources and allowed the development of concentrated urbanised production Dat analysis – dang! M

5. Watt’s steam engine was for a long time mythologised as the catalyst for the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. However, such analysis overlooks concurrent influences on industrialisation, such as agricultural intensification. Considers the evidence from the historian’s perspective, shows deep understanding of the topic, and explains cause and effect links - E

6. Key Idea The shocked white settlers of Nelson demanded retribution but they were to be deeply disappointed on that score. In early 1844 the new Governor Robert FitzRoy(successor to Governor William Hobson) visited the Cook Strait settlements and gave judgement, despite all of the conflicting statements that had been published in the aftermath of the event. He upheld the Maori side of the battle and said that the blame for the Wairau Affray lay with the settlers of Nelson themselves, because the land in question belonged to Ngati Toa. In fact he even upbraided the Europeans for their behaviour, and warned them that 'not an acre, not an inch of land belonging to the natives shall be touched without their consent'. He condemned the killing of the men who had surrendered, and he also demanded the resignation of the magistrate who issued the arrest warrant, however he was already dead. This decision was very unpopular in Nelson but from hindsight history has come down on the side of the Maori, just as FitzRoy did. At the time many in New Zealand and England called the governor 'cowardly' and his decision eventually led to FitzRoy being recalled back to England. However in the modern day, his actions are seen as prudent and pragmatic and the right course of action under the circumstances, because the alternative -open warfare with NgatiToa -would have probably made the situation far worse for the new settlers of New Zealand. FitzRoyknew that it was improbable that the British government would dispatch soldiers to wage war on Maori, and the settlers were outnumbered 900 to 1. The authorities ended up blaming the event on systemic failures with regard to land acquisition Evidence Analysis from historian’s perspective, with evidence

7. Must cover the causes, course and consequences • Ideas can show cause an effect, or can be about why particular facts are important • Aim for 8 -10 key ideas • Detailed supporting evidence • Can analyse perspectives on the event or different interpretations • Description without analysis = N

8. A Ideas • As well as the financial side of things, there were a multitude of other reasons why many Pakehawere against the idea of a treaty settlement for NgāiTahu • Hitler attacked France only really to cover his back; his main aims were to expand his empire in the east. • The failure to draw and destroy the Fighter Command in the air meant that Germany had to change their tactics

9. M Ideas • The US-led invasion of Iraq began in March 2003, although preparations had been made well in advance • But the major concern for Creforcewas the increasing supply shortages. • Such deprivation along with hyperinflation and global economic depression, set up the grounds for the rise of the Nazi Party

10. E Ideas and comments • Walsh's move would guarantee a bitter and extensive war between militant Unions and the FOL - perhaps this was a suicidal move. • To say that the dispute was a strike would mean to be on the side of the employers as a strike places the blame of the conflict on to the Unions and vice versa.

11. E ideas • The marches and unrest between the Waterfront Workers and employers unwittingly isolated the Union from the general public - and with the use of fear and partisan politics - it was easy for the Government to exploit this perspective. • While the reliability of this information is questionable, as Hager cites his source for this as a confidential "New Zealand government official," the story was more or less confirmed by Clark in a 2008 article in the New Zealand Herald

12. Detailed evidence The Nelson settlement was established by the New Zealand Company, the brain-child of Edward Gibbon Wakefield, and the shortcomings of that Company eventually led to the Wairau Affray. The Nelson settlement, situated at the top of the South Island, was planned in England to consist of 221,100 acres of land suitable for farming. Despite many warnings of insufficient quality land in the upper South Island, the settlement to be implemented by the New Zealand Company (established by Edward G. Wakefield and brothers William H. Wakefield and Arthur Wakefield to settle New Zealand) went ahead. When the Company realised that they were around 70,000 acres short, surveyors were sent to the Wairau Plains in Marlborough. They believe that they owned the land after purchasing the deed from the widow of whaling Captain John Blenkinsopp, who in turn had allegedly bought the land off Ngati Toa. In fact a letter to the New Zealand Company in England written by Edward Wakefield in March 1843 stated 'l rather anticipate some difficulty with the natives'!

13. Significance to NZers • How individuals’ involvement affected their place in the wider community. • The different experiences of one group and other New Zealanders. • The extent of public involvement in the event or movement. • How deeply people’s lives have been affected by the event. • The number of people affected • The length of the effects • The extent to which the event has become part of the public consciousness/shared memory/national identity • How the event/place/movement has affected other communities in New Zealand. • How the event has affected New Zealand’s relationship with other countries. • How this event sheds light on issues or problems that concern us today. • Whether the significance of this event/place/movement has changed over time.