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Chapter 6

The Byzantine Empire. Chapter 6. ....of the Byzantine Empire. Just a little preview …. When Constantine split the Roman Empire into two, the empire in the west began to fall apart while the Empire in the east began to flourish

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Chapter 6

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  1. The Byzantine Empire Chapter 6

  2. ....of the Byzantine Empire Just a little preview …

  3. When Constantine split the Roman Empire into two, the empire in the west began to fall apart while the Empire in the east began to flourish What are some things that come to mind when you think of the Roman Empire? Back track to the Roman Empire

  4. Height at 200 CE, but there were issues Political instability…like what? Economic/Social problems…like what? Weakening frontiers…like what? Fall of Rome in 476 CE By the year 500 CE, the Western half collapsed Rise of feudalism in western Europe Roman empire Review

  5. Chapter 6 Section 1 -Tying it together -Byzantine Empire was a continuation of the Roman Empire in the East -The name of the eastern Roman Empire, located at the crossroads between Europe and Asia; it lasted from about 500 CE to 1453 CE

  6. Chapter 6 Section 2: Constantinople • The city on the eastern edge of Europe, which Constantine made the capital of the Roman Empire in 330 CE Why the Capital of the Roman Empire? • Easy to defend • Surrounded by 3 bodies of water • Trade routes between Europe and Asia • Location made many citizens wealthy • Luxury goods available (Ivory, silk, furs, perfumes) • Greek culture • Social Services (hospitals, homes for the elderly, orphanages) • Entertainment

  7. What does this map show? Where do these trade routes interest? What kinds of goods are being traded? Would this cause the Byzantine Empire to prosper economically?

  8. All trade must take place in the trading hub Traders can only bring one token into the hub at a time To reach the hub, a trader must walk single file towards the hub Traders can trade for only one color token at one time while in the hub Once a trade is complete, the trader must return to his or her region and pick up another token before trading again Traders can not exchange with each other in their region Traders may not travel to other regions Continue trading until at least one group has accumulated all seven colors Trading activity

  9. Tally all of your tokens, how many different colors did you get? What did you like about trading? What was difficult about it? Was it easy to acquire different colors once you reached the trading hub? Explain. So…what did you learn?

  10. How did the Byzantine Empire develop out of the original Roman Empire? In 330 CE, Emperor Constantine moved his capital from Rome to Byzantium, calling it “New Rome”, but soon it became known as Constantinople. Control of the original Roman Empire was divided between two emperors-one in Rome and one in Constantinople. The Eastern Roman Empire, later changed to the Byzantine Empire, lasted for another 1,000 years Study guide notes question 1

  11. Study Guide Question 3 • What about Constantinople’s location made it an ideal capital of the Byzantine Empire? • It was easy to defend because it was surrounded by water on three sides and it stood at the crossroads of Europe and Asia between many water and land trade routes.

  12. Describe the city at its peak. • Home to around one million people, many languages spoken, many trade routes, rare sewer system, hospitals, homes for the elderly, orphanages, and many attended chariot races in the Hippodrome. Study guide question 4

  13. Section 6.3 the reign of Justinian • Just a preview... • One of the greatest Byzantine emperors who reigned from 527-564 CE • Best known for: • Rebuilding the city of Constantinople after a revolt that destroyed the city • The Hagia Sophia • A systematic body of law

  14. What does the image say about Justinian’s power? What interesting details do you see? What do you notice about the figures standing next to Justinian? What roles do you think they played in his court? What stands out in this image? Why? Which person in the picture is Justinian?

  15. For your viewing pleasure… • Nika Revolt • Hagia Sophia

  16. What event forced Justinian I to start rebuilding parts of Constantinople? Large parts of the city were ruined when fighting in the Hippodrome between the Blues and the Greens escalated into a revolt (Nika Revolt). Justinian improved bridges, public baths, parks, roads, hospitals, and built the grand church of Hagia Sophia. Question 5

  17. Justinian’s Code: just a few • If you are called to go to court, you must go. If you don’t show up, you can be taken to court by force. • If you need a witness to testify and he will not show up, you can go once every three days and shout in front of his house • Should a tree on a neighbor's farm be bend crooked by the wind and lean over your farm, you may take legal action for removal of that tree. • If it's your tree, it’s your fruit, even if it falls on another man’s land

  18. Why was Justinian’s code significant? A committee revised and improved outdated and confusing Roman Laws. It became the basis for many legal codes in the Western world. Question 6

  19. 6.4 The Eastern Orthodox church • A Christian religion that developed out of early Christianity in the Byzantine Empire • The foundation of the Byzantine Empire

  20. No separation between church and government • Religion and government were closely linked in the Byzantine Empire • Byzantines viewed the Emperor not just as the head of the government, but as the living representative of God and Jesus Christ • Like the Roman Catholic clergy, Orthodox clergy were ranked in order of importance • The emperor had supreme authority in the Church • Patriarch: in the Eastern Orthodox Church, the bishop of an important city

  21. What religion was practiced in the Byzantine Empire? How was it different from Christianity in the West? Eastern Orthodox Christianity; religion and government were more closely linked in the Byzantine Empire. For example, they viewed the emperor as the head of the government AND the living representative of God. Question 7

  22. 6.5 Conflict between east and westQuestion 8 Medieval Europe Byzantine Empire

  23. Three disagreements that led to the split of the roman catholic church • Iconoclasm: The destruction of religious icons and art • The crowning of the Holy Roman Emperor • Closing of Churches that worshipped with Western rites

  24. Question 9

  25. Chapter 10 From the crusades to new Muslim empires

  26. For your viewing pleasure Crusades: a series of religious wars launched by European Christians to reclaim Jerusalem and other holy sites from the Muslims Occurred between 1096 and 1291 Main purpose was to gain Palestine Fought between Jews, Christians, and Muslims 10.1 So what are the crusades?

  27. What are the crusades? A series of religious wars launched by European Christians to reclaim Jerusalem and other holy sites from the Muslims Question 10

  28. 10.2 Events leading up to the crusades • Seljuk Turks eager to expand their territory and the Sultan becoming the ruler of the old Abbasid Empire • Muslim: follower of the Islamic faith • Sultan: the supreme ruler of a Muslim state • Seljuk Turks: A central Asian people who migrated westward into Muslim lands, established a new Muslim dynasty, and captured parts of the Byzantine Empire • Fate of the Holy Land to each religious group • Holy Land: The area between Egypt and Syria that was the ancient homeland of Jews and the place where Jesus Christ had lived, also called Palestine

  29. Who are the Seljuk Turks? How did they alarm Christians in Europe? A Central Asian people who established a new Muslim dynasty in the 10th century and expanded their empire into Palestine (the Holy Land) and part of the Byzantine Empire; European Christians feared for the safety and property of Christians living in the east and the fate of the Holy Land Question 11

  30. Jews: Christians: Muslims: Question 12

  31. Up until the 10th century, Jews, Christians, and Muslims lived in Jerusalem peacefully. What changed? The Seljuk Turks took control of the land, attacking and killing Christian pilgrims. The Seljuk’s were now 100 miles of Constantinople. Question 13

  32. The crusades began as a response to the threat posed by the Seljuk’s (100 miles outside of Constantinople) The pope invited nobles and Church leaders to attend a council in Clermont, France Called for a crusade to drive out the Muslims and reclaim Jerusalem Pope Urban II: Pope of the Roman Catholic Church who called for the First Crusade in 1095 10.3 the story of the crusades

  33. First Crusade 1096-1099 • Called for by Pope Urban II • Four European nobles led the First Crusade • 30,000 Christian Crusaders fought their way to obtain Palestine • 1098 laid siege on the city of Antioch, they were successful • 1099 they surrounded Jerusalem, and were successful once more

  34. Second crusade 1146-1148 • In 1144, Muslims captured Edessa, the capital of the northernmost crusader kingdom. • Christians answered by mounting the Second Crusade. • That Crusade ended in failure.

  35. Third crusade 1189-1192 • When Richard lost patience waiting for Salah al-Din to complete the exchange, Richard ordered the deaths of all 2,700 of his Muslim prisoners. • Richard then fought his way toward Jerusalem, but his army was not strong enough to attack the city. Salah al-Din’s forces had also grown weaker. • In September 1192, the two leaders signed a peace treaty. The Crusaders kept a chain of cities along the coast of Palestine. Muslims agreed to let Christian pilgrims enter Jerusalem. • By the 1180s, the great sultan Salah al-Din, called Saladin by Europeans, had formed the largest Muslim empire since the Seljuks. • In 1187, his armies captured Jerusalem. • The loss of Jerusalem shocked Europeans and sparked the Third Crusade. • King Richard I of England, known as “the Lionheart,” led the European fight against Salah al-Din in the Third Crusade • In 1191, Richard’s army forced the surrender of the Palestinian town of Acre. Afterward, arrangements were made between the two sides to exchange prisoners.

  36. Additional crusades (more than 8)! • The Crusades continued for another 100 years. • In 1212, thousands of peasant children from France and Germany marched in a Children’s Crusade. Few, if any, ever reached the Holy Land. Some made it to European port cities, only to be sold into slavery by merchants. Some returned home. Many disappeared without a trace. • None of the later Crusades succeeded in recapturing Jerusalem. Muslims, meanwhile, were gaining back the land they had lost.

  37. The Byzantine emperor asked for the help of Pope Urban II who called for a crusade to drive out the Muslims. What persuaded men to join the crusades? The pope promised entry into heaven or salvation, people also gained wealth, land, and prestige. Question 14

  38. Reconquista • A series of wars launched by European Christians to retake the Spanish Peninsula from Muslims; means “reconquest” in Spanish

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