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ACEEE 2008 Forum on Water Heating and Use “Getting into Hot Water”

ACEEE 2008 Forum on Water Heating and Use “Getting into Hot Water”. Arthur H. Rosenfeld, Commissioner California Energy Commission (916) 654-4930 ARosenfe@Energy.State.CA.US http://www.energy.ca.gov/commission/commissioners/rosenfeld.html or just Google “ Art Rosenfeld ”.

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ACEEE 2008 Forum on Water Heating and Use “Getting into Hot Water”

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  1. ACEEE 2008 Forum on Water Heating and Use“Getting into Hot Water” Arthur H. Rosenfeld, Commissioner California Energy Commission (916) 654-4930 ARosenfe@Energy.State.CA.US http://www.energy.ca.gov/commission/commissioners/rosenfeld.html or just Google “Art Rosenfeld”

  2. Climate Change Refugee Camp !! • “Time runs out for islanders on global warming's front line” • Rising sea levels threaten to flood many of the islands in the fertile Ganges delta, leading to an environmental disaster and a refugee crisis for India and Bangladesh • Dan McDougall in the Sundarbans • The Observer, March 30, 2008.

  3. California is VERY MUCH a Summer Peaking Area

  4. Critical Peak Pricing (CPP)with additional curtailment option ? 40 Standard TOU 35 Critical Peak Price Price Signal Standard Rate 30 Extraordinary Curtailment Signal 25 Price (cents/kWh) 20 15 10 5 0 Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday

  5. Residential Tariffs Tested in California Statewide Pilot 0.80 0.70 FLAT RATE 0.60 TOU RATE 0.50 CPP-F RATE (NON CRITICAL DAY) $ (U.S.)/ KWH 0.40 CPP-F RATE (CRITICAL DAY) 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 0:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 Hour Ending Note: Tariffs have additional tiered surcharges based on monthly consumption

  6. 5.0 CPP Event 4.5 Control Group 4.0 Controllable Thermostat with Flat Rate 3.5 Controllable Thermostat with CPP-V Rate 3.0 2.5 kW 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 Noon 2:30 7:30 Midnight CPP rates – Load Impacts Residential Response on a typical hot day Control vs. Flat rate vs. CPP-V Rate ( Hot Day, August 15, 2003, Average Peak Temperature 88.50) Most customers (~ 80%) Saved Money and Most (~60%) thought all customers should be offered this type of rate. Source: Response of Residential Customers to Critical Peak Pricing and Time-of-Use Rates during the Summer of 2003, September 13, 2004, CEC Report.

  7. Small Customers Statewide Pricing Pilot “SPP” • Results for the two-summer pilot • Average savings for CPP_F customers of 12% to 13% during the critical peak periods • CPP_F = 5 hour event; customers without smart thermostats • Average savings for CPP_V customers of 27% during the critical peak periods • CPP_V = event period varies 2 to 5 hours; customers have smart thermostats and receive signal from utility that sets-up thermostat • Savings show little degradation from summer 2003 to summer 2004 • Savings remain nearly the same even over three-day heat events

  8. Three Necessary Components for Demand Response and Utility Modernization • Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) • Digital meters with communication • Dynamic Tariffs • Enable customers to be able to respond to hourly prices • The structure of these tariffs is critically important as customers are hoping to reduce total energy costs • Automated Response Technology at customer locations • e.g. Programmable Communicating Thermostats (PCTs) • Enable residential and small commercial customers to respond to price automatically • Larger customers with energy management systems linked to pricing signals over the internet or through other communication channels • And, when coupled with energy efficiency programs and policies the result can be reduction in total consumption as well as peak period consumption

  9. What is AMI • Advanced Metering Infrastructure • Interval meters that can record usage on an hourly basis • Communication infrastructure that retrieve the hourly usage and send price and emergency signals to the home • Back-office software that processes hourly usage and bills the customer accordingly

  10. AMI provides a “Smart Meter” and two-way communication system with the utility Customer Usage Feedback via Internet • Website • Billing • Outage Mgmt. • Load Control Existing IOU Data Systems Data Collection Unit (DCU) Network Management System Data Management System Smart Meters

  11. Two Methods of Providing Customer Feedback Path 1 – Internet (1-way, next day) Smart Meter DCU • Website Path 2 –HAN (2-way) Existing IOU Data System

  12. SDG&E – Home Area Network (HAN) AMI Network to meter Internet Photo Voltaic cells TV Family Room PCT HAN IHD w/ EMS HAN Smart Meter Utility Room Kitchen Pool pump Electric H/W heater Oven Refrigerator Washer Dryer Battery storage EV / PHEV Gas Meter Water Meter

  13. SCE – Home Area Network (HAN) Graphic provided by SCE

  14. The Call to Action:Ashok Gadgil, LBNL Every hour 200 children, below age five, die from drinking dirty water Every year, 60 million children reach adulthood stunted for good

  15. Drinking Water for the Rural Poor: Boiling • Economically unaffordable for most people, either in terms of fuel cost or fuel-collection effort • Environmentally unsustainable • Energy intensive: 3 kg wood needed per person per day -- (compared to 1 kg for cooking food) • Substantial additional smoke inhalation -- cooking smoke inhalation already causes 1.6 million deaths annually. WHO (2003)

  16. UV-Waterworks design 1993-95 • Lamp-in-air design circumvents fouling, and avoids frequent maintenance • Radiometrics ensure even distribution of dose across the channel width • Hydraulics ensure narrow distribution of residence time for water parcels • Channel shape compensates for light intensity drop off at edges

  17. A new water disinfector for the developing world’s poor • Meet /exceed WHO and US EPA criteria for disinfection • Energy efficient: 60 watts disinfects 1 ton / h • Low cost: 4 cents disinfects a ton of water • Reliable, Mature components • Can treat unpressurized water • Rapid throughput: 12 seconds • Low maintenance: once every three months • No overdose risk • Failsafe Design Criteria

  18. Mohideen Jumah, Sri Lanka Safe Drinking Water for Tsunami Survivors. Sri Lanka, 2005.

  19. Collecting drinking water, WaterHealth Center 2006

  20. Safe Drinking Water sells for US$ 0.002 per liter. This pays off the bank in eight years, and pays for all operations, maintenance, costs of consumables, and salaries of two part-time employees drinking water container, WaterHealth Center subscribers 2006

  21. One Center can serve 6000 people @ 10 L per person per day All assets belong to the village council (elected locally) Andhra Pradesh, India, 2006

  22. Many poor households purchase water delivered to their homes, at a higher price, and find it worth their while This has spawned local entrepreneurs delivering water Andhra Pradesh, India, 2006

  23. Summer 2007 installation rate was two WaterHealth Centers per week. Increased to four per week by end of 2007 Andhra Pradesh, India, 2007

  24. WaterHealth and Naandi Foundation WaterHealth’s partnership with Naandi Foundation on community outreach and education is vital to the success of WaterHealth Centres in India Community outreach

  25. A long way to go, but we cracked a hard problem! Service capacity of WaterHealth Centers in rural India 2005 --> 12,000 2006 --> 300,000 2007 --> 700,000 Rural Indian in need of safe drinking water = 600,000,000 A key point is that this is no longer charity! And it is affordable safe drinking water for the first time in their lives

  26. Accelerating the installation rate One bottleneck in ramping up installations of WaterHealth Centers is access to finance. About 70% of the first-cost of a WaterHealth Center is financed by commercial banks -- and setting up a large loan facility was becoming a bottleneck -- until now. On September 28, 2007, under the Clinton Global Initiative, Dow Chemicals committed $30M in loan guarantees to WaterHealth. This will allow WaterHealth to access funds for the next 2000 WaterHealth Centers! These will serve an additional 10 million villagers

  27. Source: David Goldstein

  28. In the United States = 80 power plants of 500 MW each

  29. In the United States

  30. Comparison of 3 Gorges to Refrigerator and AC Efficiency Improvements TWh Wholesale (3 Gorges) at 3.6 c/kWh Retail (AC + Ref) at 7.2 c/kWh Value of TWh 三峡电量与电冰箱、空调能效对比 120 7.5 100 If Energy Star Air Conditioners 空调 80 6.0 2005 Stds Air Conditioners 空调 TWH/Year Value (billion $/year) 2000 Stds 60 4.5 If Energy Star 3.0 40 Savings calculated 10 years after standard takes effect. Calculations provided by David Fridley, LBNL 2005 Stds Refrigerators 冰箱 20 1.5 2000 Stds 0 3 Gorges 三峡 Refrigerators 冰箱 3 Gorges 三峡 标准生效后，10年节约电量

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