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Climate

Climate. Other factors effecting climate. Sun’s output Earth’s orbit Drifting continents Volcanic eruptions Greenhouse gases. Factors affecting climate. Relief and Elevation. What does relief mean? Differences in elevation of earth’s surface

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Climate

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  1. Climate

  2. Other factors effecting climate • Sun’s output • Earth’s orbit • Drifting continents • Volcanic eruptions • Greenhouse gases

  3. Factors affecting climate

  4. Relief and Elevation • What does relief mean? • Differences in elevation of earth’s surface • What affect would mountains have on air masses? • Act as barriers • If you climbed a very high mountain, what would happen to the temperature? • Drops significantly! Maybe see ice, snow

  5. Let’s look at Fig 12-4 to examine the effects of air rising!

  6. Continental and Maritime Environments • Continental Climate • Interior of land masses • No large body of water to regulate hot or cold temperatures.

  7. Continental and Maritime Environments • Maritime Environments • Coastal locations • Temperature ranges between highest average monthly and lowest average monthly is low • Lots of rain 

  8. So what effect do waters have? • Moderating effect: large bodies of water have an effect on the climate of nearby land areas. • What effect? • Winter temperatures are warmer and summer temperatures are cooler . • Why? • Winds blowing from the water keep surrounding areas warmer • So Maritime temperatures are?

  9. Ocean currents • Climate is affected by ocean currents • How? • The temperature of an ocean current affects the temperature of the air that passes over it. • Temperature of the ocean current in comparison with surrounding water determines whether is it a cold or warm current. • You try: If an ocean current is 15º but surrounding water is 13º, is it warm or cold? • What the surrounding water was 18º?

  10. Ocean curents • How is fog produced? • Cold air meeting warm air above ocean currents

  11. Air Masses • What is it? • A large volume of air with the climate conditions of the area where it was formed. (so it absorbed those conditions)

  12. Wind and pressure • What is air pressure? • The weight of the air • Differences in air pressure are created when? • The earth is heated to different temperatures • See diagram!

  13. Winds and pressure • What is wind? • Air moving from high pressure to low pressure • Prevailing winds : most commonly found in an area. Ex) Canada’s prevailing winds are called the Westerlies because they blow from west to east!

  14. ? So wait, let me get this straight Ms Smiley… If cold air from a dry Arctic air mass passes over the inland, it becomes warmer and contains more moisture. So it rains? NO! Though it will become warmer, the air is still colder than the climate in the region into which it moves.

  15. Winds and pressure • What is the boundary between a cold, dry polar air and warm, moist tropical air? • Polar front!

  16. Jet streams Jet stream: a current of fast-moving air that is very high in the atmosphere, above the polar front. Flows from west to east, speeds of 300- 500 km/h In winter it flows southward (snow in the U.S.A.) In summer it flows northward (warm in Canada) What happens when they mix? STORM!!!

  17. Pg 139 Fig 12-17 Fill in the temperature and sky cover sections

  18. Homework: • Pg 139, #3,4,5,6

  19. Precipitation

  20. Precipitation • 2 guiding principles: • Air cools as it _________? • Rises • As air cools, water vapour condenses more than it evaporates • We recognize 3 types of precipitation

  21. 1) Relief precipitation • What is it? • Air rising to cross and area of HIGH elevation • What would create relief precipitation? • Mountain barriers

  22. Relief Precipitation

  23. How do we determine the moisture content? • It is measured in relative humidity • RH= (amount of moisture in air / moisture-holding capacity) x 100%

  24. How do we get dew or frost? • When the air is calm, water vapour in the air condenses on cool surfaces dew • If temperature is below freezing frost

  25. What region might we see this in??

  26. 2) Convectional Precipitation • What is it? • Air rising because it has absorbed heat from earth’s surface • Where do we experience it? • Continental locations: Ontario, Quebec, Prairies • Look at fig 12-13 on pg 136!

  27. 3) Cyclonic Precipitation • What is it? • Air rises because there is a cooler, denser air mass flowing beneath it, forcing it up. • When does it occur? • At the site of a FRONT (cold and warm air masses meeting) • Cyclonic storm= large, low-pressure • Where do we see it? • Most of the precipitation in ON, QC, Prairies and Atlantic Canada is cyclonic

  28. Cyclonic Precipitation Check out pg 139!

  29. Your turn!

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