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Interprofessional Contact Zones : building on members reflexivity

Interprofessional Practices. Lawyers with doctors and their patientsNurses with doctors, surgeons, anaesthetists ...Managers with policy advisers and consultantsPR consultants with clients and journalistsDiscourse analysts with lawyers Discourse analysts with healthcare professionalsDiscourse

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Interprofessional Contact Zones : building on members reflexivity

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    1. Interprofessional “Contact Zones”: building on members’ reflexivity Chris Candlin & Alan Jones Department of Linguistics Macquarie University, Sydney Both authors work with professionals in accountancy and law, either on communicative aspects of the practices of that discipline or in teaching the communicative practices of the discipline. In doing this kind of work – our own professional practice – we have to work with discourses and especially categories that represent the reflexivity of the discipline. This reflexivity, although it may be voiced by individuals, often represents the fruits of a group effort – collective or distributed metacognition - and an institutionalised version of the members’ reflexivity as promoted by professional bodies, in various forms and in various ways. Certainly, individuals reflect in and on their own practices and come up with individual philosophies of communication. But, Understanding interprofessional collaboration (esp collaborative research) as interdiscursive practice, and especially through the lens of ‘categorisation’ practices. Concepts = categories; the same terms (for concepts) can have a different valeur in each discourse.Both authors work with professionals in accountancy and law, either on communicative aspects of the practices of that discipline or in teaching the communicative practices of the discipline. In doing this kind of work – our own professional practice – we have to work with discourses and especially categories that represent the reflexivity of the discipline. This reflexivity, although it may be voiced by individuals, often represents the fruits of a group effort – collective or distributed metacognition - and an institutionalised version of the members’ reflexivity as promoted by professional bodies, in various forms and in various ways. Certainly, individuals reflect in and on their own practices and come up with individual philosophies of communication. But, Understanding interprofessional collaboration (esp collaborative research) as interdiscursive practice, and especially through the lens of ‘categorisation’ practices. Concepts = categories; the same terms (for concepts) can have a different valeur in each discourse.

    2. Interprofessional Practices Lawyers with doctors and their patients Nurses with doctors, surgeons, anaesthetists ... Managers with policy advisers and consultants PR consultants with clients and journalists Discourse analysts with lawyers Discourse analysts with healthcare professionals Discourse analysts with accountants, etc., etc. The subcultures of physics (Galison, 1997) Communication within the same organisation/institution or across organisations and institutions. Between the subcultures of a discipline – e.g. physics (after Galison’s 1997 study). Galison (1997) has described the disunity of physics in an influential book called Image & Logic: A material culture of microphysics. Speaks of “subcultures” – theoretical, experimental and instrumental physicists – physicists working with cloud chambers, bubble chambers, spark chambers, and now the synchotron. Incidentally, for Galison, this disunity is a good thing (adding strength and stability). “Forms of work, modes of demonstration, ontological commitments – all differ among the traditions that compose physics at any given time in the twentieth century.” (782) Communication within the same organisation/institution or across organisations and institutions. Between the subcultures of a discipline – e.g. physics (after Galison’s 1997 study). Galison (1997) has described the disunity of physics in an influential book called Image & Logic: A material culture of microphysics. Speaks of “subcultures” – theoretical, experimental and instrumental physicists – physicists working with cloud chambers, bubble chambers, spark chambers, and now the synchotron. Incidentally, for Galison, this disunity is a good thing (adding strength and stability). “Forms of work, modes of demonstration, ontological commitments – all differ among the traditions that compose physics at any given time in the twentieth century.” (782)

    3. Interprofessional collaborations as “Contact Zones” “social spaces where disparate cultures meet, clash and grapple with each other, often in highly asymmetrical relations of domination and subordination” Mary Louise Pratt (1992): Imperial Eyes: travel writing and acculturation. Routledge. See also her “Arts of the Contact Zone” in Shaping Discourses: Readings for University Writers. Ed. Lidinsky, A. et. al. Boston: Pearson Custom Publishing, 2002. Pratt picks up a theme elaborated on by Michel Callon – the power relations involved in discursive positioning. Between competing knowledges – areas of expertise. Struggle to define the problem – conflicting interests of professional practitioner and discourse practitioner – importance of categories – who names them? Acculturation is a term that, despite definitions and evidence that it entails a two-way process of change, continues to focus on the unilateral adjustments made by aboriginal peoples, immigrants, sojourners, and other minorities in response to contact with a dominant majority culture. Transculturation is a term coined by Fernando Ortiz in 1947 to describe the phenomenon of merging and converging cultures. It means “processes whereby members of subordinated or marginal groups select and invent from materials transmitted by a dominant or metropolitan culture” and is like auto-ethnography, an art of the contact zone.Pratt picks up a theme elaborated on by Michel Callon – the power relations involved in discursive positioning. Between competing knowledges – areas of expertise. Struggle to define the problem – conflicting interests of professional practitioner and discourse practitioner – importance of categories – who names them? Acculturation is a term that, despite definitions and evidence that it entails a two-way process of change, continues to focus on the unilateral adjustments made by aboriginal peoples, immigrants, sojourners, and other minorities in response to contact with a dominant majority culture. Transculturation is a term coined by Fernando Ortiz in 1947 to describe the phenomenon of merging and converging cultures. It means “processes whereby members of subordinated or marginal groups select and invent from materials transmitted by a dominant or metropolitan culture” and is like auto-ethnography, an art of the contact zone.

    4. Contact Zones as Trading Zones Two groups can agree on rules of exchange even if they ascribe utterly different significance to the objects being exchanged; they may even disagree on the meaning of the exchange process itself. Nonetheless, the trading partners can hammer out a local coordination, despite vast global differences. Peter Galison, 1997, Image & logic: A material culture of microphysics. P. 783 Cf the construct of 'negotiation' (in German 'verhandeln' which is like 'handeln' which  is 'trading' -  here a central construct discursively (the 'rules of exchange' need to be focused on meaning not just the interaction order of course). Galison (1997) uses the concept of a trading zone to describe what occurs when subcultures of physics are obliged to interact on large scale problems/projects. BUT: What exactly is being traded/exchanged? Or are all parties contributing to a collage? A mixed or pidjin language? OR: Do we have something more like the situation of “passive bilingualism,” where each party speaks their own language and everyone seems to understand enough to ensure that communication takes place – BUT ON WHAT LEVEL? Note that Vygotsky was Systemicists (like Jim Martin) tend to say that the terms (or categories) of the code have been revalorized. That is, they take on a different valeur depending upon the system that acts as the context of interpretation.Cf the construct of 'negotiation' (in German 'verhandeln' which is like 'handeln' which  is'trading' -  here a central construct discursively (the 'rules of exchange'need to be focused on meaning not just the interaction order of course).

    5. Trading Languages, Trading Discourses Trade languages (functionally restricted pidgins) are useful. Trading languages (mutually unintelligible codes) is useful. ‘Discourses’ – (ways of knowing and doing) are seemingly mutually intelligible, but: the same terms can have different values ? can we have interdiscursive coordination? ‘Trading Discourses’….. Trading goals? (Sarangi & Candlin 2003): Understanding or Coordinated Action? Concept words have different levels of depth and complexity in different discourses (Vygotsky, 1986). Understanding a concept is not the same as understanding conceptual relations, and the implications of semantic structures. ALSO: We can also exchange conceptual procedures, algorhitms, strategies, for concepts, or understandings for procedures. Discourse: procedures, algorhitms, strategies, plus concepts, understandings, values, beliefs, knowledge. Trading ‘Discourses’ – cf Fairclough on configurations of discourses within an organisation or institution. the 'orders of discourse' a la NLF with the idea of permeable, shifting boundaries among the orders of discourse? Concept words have different levels of depth and complexity in different discourses (Vygotsky, 1986). Understanding a concept is not the same as understanding conceptual relations, and the implications of semantic structures. ALSO: We can also exchange conceptual procedures, algorhitms, strategies, for concepts, or understandings for procedures. Discourse: procedures, algorhitms, strategies, plus concepts, understandings, values, beliefs, knowledge. Trading ‘Discourses’ – cf Fairclough on configurations of discourses within an organisation or institution. the 'orders of discourse' a la NLFwith the idea of permeable, shifting boundaries among the orders ofdiscourse?

    6. Thematic Contact Zones within an Applied Linguistics of Professional Communication Competing identities: institutional, professional, and personal (Sarangi & Roberts, 1999) Discourse and action, and discourse as action (Scollon, 2001, Iedema, 2005) Contested orders of discourse: interactional and institutional (Goffman,1967) “Motivational relevancies” : co-participation and joint problematisation; aligned aims … (Sarangi & Candlin 2001) And: Linguistic realisation of higher order abstractions, structures, procedures, practices. Competing identities: Sarangi & Roberts, 1999 “Motivational relevancies” : Sarangi & Candlin 2001 Discourse and action Scollon, 2001, Iedema, 2005 Contested orders of discourse: Goffman,1967 Focal themes and analytic themes: Sarangi & Roberts,2005, Candlin & Candlin, 2002And: Linguistic realisation of higher order abstractions, structures, procedures, practices. Competing identities: Sarangi & Roberts, 1999 “Motivational relevancies” : Sarangi & Candlin 2001 Discourse and action Scollon, 2001, Iedema, 2005 Contested orders of discourse: Goffman,1967 Focal themes and analytic themes: Sarangi & Roberts,2005, Candlin & Candlin, 2002

    7. Methodological Contact Zones: Researching Professional Communication Participants and analysts with distinct perspectives: ‘objectively’ transforming the observed into a form of order Participants and analysts with similar perspectives: ‘hermeneutically’ aligning the observed into a common order Sarangi & Candlin, 2001 (1) Distinctive methodological perspectives for DA viz 1. Describing discourse phenomena; 2. Need to incorporate participants' perspectives/interpretations on such phenomena; 3. Need to locate descriptions and interpretations within a particular institutional order seen historically and social structurally (cf the importance of reflexivity on the part of analysts and practitioners) 6. Categorization Practices slides: Here I might have included stuff on Membership Categorisation Devices (cf Sacks et al) as set out in the recent DPC972 Module 2 Strand Two but I hadnt written that at the time. You might include a reference to that? (1) Distinctive methodological perspectives for DA viz 1. Describingdiscourse phenomena; 2. Need to incorporate participants'perspectives/interpretations on such phenomena; 3. Need to locatedescriptions and interpretations within a particular institutional orderseen historically and social structurally (cf the importance of reflexivityon the part of analysts and practitioners)

    8. Categorisation Practices – the key to the contact zone Categorization practices are both descriptive and evaluative Categorization practices are institutional but also as moral and social Categorization practices are ontological and epistemological Categorization practices are distinctive & dynamic Categorization practices are role, activity, site-related (Sarangi & Candlin, 2003) Categorization practices are visible as lexical items (Bowker & Star, 1999)

    9. Focal themes and analytic themes Focal themes and analytic themes = categories – of skills, expertise, reasoning, and knowledge (Sarangi & Roberts, 2005; Candlin & Candlin, 2002) Focal themes of professional participants are ‘translated’ into the Analytic themes of discourse practitioners. Themes = constructs/categories.Themes = constructs/categories.

    10. ‘tactical polyvalence of discourse’ There is not, on the one side, a discourse of power, and opposite it, another discourse that runs counter to it. Discourses are tactical elements or blocks operating in the field of force relations; there can exist different and even contradictory discourses within the same strategy; they can, on the contrary, circulate without changing their form from one strategy to another opposing strategy. (Foucault 1981) Fairclough (1992: 59): Take counselling – F points to “struggles in discourse over its contradictory orientations to domination and emancipation.” Fairclough (1992: 67): “Rather than particular types of discourse having inherent political or ideological values, I shall say that different types of discourse in different social domains or institutional settings may come to be politically or ideologically ‘invested’ (Frow 1985) in particular ways.”Fairclough (1992: 59): Take counselling – F points to “struggles in discourse over its contradictory orientations to domination and emancipation.” Fairclough (1992: 67): “Rather than particular types of discourse having inherent political or ideological values, I shall say that different types of discourse in different social domains or institutional settings may come to be politically or ideologically ‘invested’ (Frow 1985) in particular ways.”

    11. Challenges to the Adequacy of Categorisation as an Interprofessional Contact Zone Achieving descriptive, interpretive and explanatory adequacy: some key challenges How can categorisation be best described? What are the optimal conditions for negotiated interpretation of categorisation? How can categorisation be consequently validated?

    12. Discourses of “competency” and Standard Setting Systems of categorisation as reifications of professional practice Systems of categorisation as institutionalised and regulated behaviour Systems of categorisation as discourses of expertise Members’ self-reflexivity ..Members’ self-reflexivity ..

    13. Inter- & Intra-professional Contact Zones: Reflection on and in Action Applied linguists as inter-professional practitioners (Sarangi, 2002): Exploring and explaining communities of practice (Barton & Tusting 2005, Candlin & Candlin 2007) Two examples: Discourses of professional ‘skills’: Accountancy (Jones & Sin, 2003) Discourses of professional ‘identity’: Litigation & Arbitration (Bhatia, Candlin et al, 2007; Bhatia, Candlin & Engberg, 2007) Empathy -> affiliation, structural preference for agreement over disagreement.Empathy -> affiliation, structural preference for agreement over disagreement.

    14. Sustainability of Interprofessional Practices Expanding ‘functional moments of mutual understanding’ (Vygotsky, 1986) Aligning categorisations in pursuit of mutually acknowledged goals Achieving sustainable practices beyond participant categorisations The importance of understanding, respect, and trust Vygotsky (1986)Vygotsky (1986)

    15. Contact (Zones) Chris Candlin: ccandlin@optusnet.com.au Alan Jones: ajones@ling.mq.edu.au Programs in Communication in Professions & Organisations Department of Linguistics Macquarie University, Sydney

    16. References Barton, D. and K. Tusting, eds. (2005). Beyond Communities of Practice: Language, Power and Social Context. Bhatia, Candlin et al, 2007 Bhatia, V. K., Candlin, C. N., Engberg, J. and A. Trosborg (Eds) (2003). Multilingual and Multicultural Contexts of Legislation: An International Perspective. Tubingen. Peter Lang Bowker, G. & S. L. Star. 1999. Sorting Things Out: Classification and Its Consequences. MIT Press: Cambridge, MA. Callon, M. (1986) Some Elements of a Sociology of Translation: Domestication of the Scallops and the Fishermen of St. Brieuc Bay, in J. Law (ed.) Power, action and Belief: A New Sociology of Knowledge? London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Candlin, C.N. and Candlin, S. (2002). Discourse, expertise and the management of risk in healthcare settings. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 35 (2) pp115-137 Foucault (1981) Goffman,1967. Interaction Ritual. Iedema, R. 2005.

    17. References (cont.) Jones, A., and S. Sin. 2003. Generic Skills in Accounting: Competencies for Students and Graduates. Sydney: Allen Unwin. Roberts, C. & Sarangi, S. (2005). Theme-oriented discourse analysis of medical encounters. Medical Education, 39 (6), 632-640. Sarangi, S. & Roberts, C., eds. 1999. Talk, Work and Institutional Order. Mouton: Berlin Sarangi, S. & Candlin, C.N. (2001) ‘Motivational relevancies’: some methodological reflections on social theoretical and sociolinguistic practice In N.Coupland, Sarangi, S., & C.N.Candlin (Eds) Sociolinguistics and social theory. London. Pearson Sarangi, S. and C. N. Candlin: Introduction: Trading between reflexivity and relevance: new challenges for applied linguistics. Applied Linguistics 24(3): 271-285 . Sarangi & Roberts, 2005. Scollon, R. 2001. Mediated Discourse: The Nexus of Practice. Routledge

    18. The Discourses of Physics 1 Based on Galison 1997.Based on Galison 1997.

    19. The Discourses of Physics 2 .

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