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Mesopotamia Art of the Ancient Near East Assyria Neo-Babylonia Persia ] Art of the Ancient Near East Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East > Mesopotamia Mesopotamia • The Mesopotamian Cultures • Ceramics in Mesopotamia • Sculpture in Mesopotamia • Architecture in Mesopotamia Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/art-history/textbooks/boundless-art-history-textbook/art-of-the-ancient-near-east-3/mesopotamia-49/
Art of the Ancient Near East > Assyria Assyria • The Assyrian Culture • Architecture in Assyria • Artifacts of Assyria Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/art-history/textbooks/boundless-art-history-textbook/art-of-the-ancient-near-east-3/assyria-50/
Art of the Ancient Near East > Neo-Babylonia Neo-Babylonia • Neo-Babylonia Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/art-history/textbooks/boundless-art-history-textbook/art-of-the-ancient-near-east-3/neo-babylonia-51/
Art of the Ancient Near East > Persia Persia • Art of the Persian Empire • Art and Architecture of the Achaemenid Empire Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/art-history/textbooks/boundless-art-history-textbook/art-of-the-ancient-near-east-3/persia-863/
Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East Key terms • alto reliefA sculpture with significant projection from its background. • aurochsAn extinct European mammal, Bos primigenius, the ancestor of domestic cattle. • bas reliefA sculpture with minimal projection from its background. • bas reliefsSculptures that minimally project from their backgrounds. • capitalThe topmost part of a column. • castingA sculptural process in which molten material (usually metal) is poured into a mold, allowed to cool and harden, and become a solid object. • ceramicsThe craft of making objects from clay. • ChalcolithicAlso known as the Copper Age, a phase of the Bronze Age in which the addition of tin to copper to form bronze during smelting remained yet unknown. The Copper Age was originally defined as a transition between the Neolithic and the Bronze Age. • colossalExtremely tall. • CuneiformOne of the earliest known forms of written expression that began as a system of pictographs. It emerged in Sumer around the 30th century BC, with predecessors reaching into the late 4th millennium (the Uruk IV period). • cylinder sealA small object adorned with carved images of animals, writing, or both, used to sign official documents. • flutedHaving semicylindrical vertical grooves, either for decoration or to trim weight. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East • friezeAny sculptured or richly ornamented band in a building or, by extension, in rich pieces of furniture. • glazedHaving a vitreous coating whose primary purposes are decoration or protection. • hieratic scaleA visual method of marking the significance of a figure through its size. The more important a figure is, the larger it appears. • high reliefA sculpture that projects significantly from its background, providing deep shadows. • hypostyleHaving a roof supported on a row of columns. • immortalA member of an elite regiment of the Persian army. • in the roundSculpture that stands freely, separate from a background. • kilnA special kind of oven used for firing ceramic objects at high temperatures. • lamassuA guardian figure consisting of the head of a human, massive wings, and the body of a lion or bull. • load-bearingA form of architecture in which the walls are the structure's main source of support. • lyreA hand-held stringed instrument resembling a small harp. • mixed-mediaArtwork consisting of two or more different materials. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East • nomadicMobile; moving from one place to another, never settling in one location for too long. • ObeliskFour-sided monument that tapers with height and is usually capped by a pyramidal form. • ObeliskA tall, square, tapered, stone monolith topped with a pyramidal point, frequently used as a monument. • pilasterA rectangular column that projects partially from the wall to which it is attached; it gives the appearance of a support, but is only for decoration. • private sphereThe home, or the domestic realm. • public sphereThe world outside the home. • registerA usually horizontal division of separate scenes in two- or three-dimensional art. • registerA usually horizontal band on an artwork that divides designs into logical patterns. • reliefA sculpture that projects from a background. • reliefA sculpture that projects from a background. • rhytonA large ceremonial drinking cup fashioned in the shape of an animal's head. • sculpture in the roundA free-standing object that is usually meant to be viewed from multiple angles. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East • stacking and pilingA form of load-bearing architecture in which the walls are thickest at the base and grow gradually thinner toward the top. • stylizedArt that is not naturalistic, yet not distorted enough to be abstract. • stylizedArt that is not naturalistic but not distorted enough to be abstract. • stylusA writing implement that incises lines into surfaces, such as clay. • syncreticArt that bears the style(s), themes, or other attributes of more than one culture. • terra cottaClay that has been fired in a kiln. • theocraticA form of government in which a deity is officially recognized as the civil ruler. Official policy is governed by officials regarded as divinely guided, or is pursuant to the doctrine of a particular religion or religious group. • throwingShaping clay on a potter's wheel. • votiveAn object left in temples or other religious locations for a variety of spiritual purposes. • zigguratA towering temple, similar to a stepped pyramid, that sat in the center of Mesopotamian city-states in honor to the local pantheon. • zigguratA temple tower of the ancient Mesopotamian valley, having the form of a terraced pyramid of successively receding stories. • zigguratA temple tower of the ancient Mesopotamian valley, having the form of a terraced pyramid of successively receding stories. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East 19th-century reconstruction of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon Two lamassu sculptures in the round face each other in the foreground, while another reconstruction of the ziggurat Etemenanki dominates the background. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon.jpg."CC BY-SA 3.0https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon.jpgView on Boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East Akkadian pottery A collection of Akkadian pottery on display at the Oriental Institute Museum, University of Chicago. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Akkadian Pottery."CC0 1.0 Universalhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=40794666View on Boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East Pottery from the Ur III period A collection of pottery from the Ur III period on display at the Oriental Institute Museum, University of Chicago. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Ur III Pottery."CC0 1.0 Universalhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ur_III_pottery_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum,_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC06984.JPG#/media/File:Ur_III_pottery_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum,_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC06984.JPGView on Boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East Vase from the Late Ubaid Period, 4500-4000BCE A pottery jar from the Late Ubaid Period on display in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Vase from the Late Ubaid Period."Public domainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubaid_period#/media/File:Frieze-group-3-example1.jpgView on Boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East Old Babylonian pottery A collection of old Babylonian pottery on display at the Oriental Institute Museum, University of Chicago. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Old Babylonia Pottery."CC0 1.0 Universalhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Old_Babylonian_pottery_in_the_Oriental_Institute_Museum#/media/File:Old_Babylonian_pottery_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum,_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07013.JPGView on Boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East Administrative texts in cuneiform writing A collection of administrative texts in cuneiform writing on display at the Oriental Institute Museum, University of Chicago. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Cuneiform texts from Ur III."CC0 1.0 Universalhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ur_III_administrative_texts_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum,_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC06995.JPG#/media/File:Ur_III_administrative_texts_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum,_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC06995.JPGView on Boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East Head of an Akkadian ruler, probably Sargon (2270-2215 BCE) This portrait combines naturalistic and stylized facial features and was cast using the lost-wax method. The eye sockets were once inlaid. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Sargon_of_Akkad."Public domainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sargon_of_Akkad.jpg#/media/File:Sargon_of_Akkad.jpgView on Boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East Uruk-period cylinder seal with stamped clay tablet (4100-3000 BCE) An Uruk-period cylinder seal and stamped clay tablet featuring monstrous lions and lion-headed eagles, on display at the Louvre Museum. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Uruk-period Cylinder Seal ."Public domainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cylinder_seal_lions_Louvre_MNB1167.jpg#/media/File:Cylinder_seal_lions_Louvre_MNB1167.jpgView on Boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East Uruk Head, also known as the Mask of Warka (c. 3000 BCE) The eyes and eyebrows on this Uruk marble head are hollow to accommodate the original inlay. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Mask of Warka/Uruk Head."Public domainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UrukHead.jpg#/media/File:UrukHead.jpgView on Boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East Votive figure of a male worshiper from Tell Asmar (2750-2600 BCE) The votive figure—made from alabaster, shell, black limestone, and bitumen—depicts a male worshiper of Enil, a powerful Mesopotamian god. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Votive of Male Worshiper from Tell Asmar."CC BY-SA 2.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mesopotamia_male_worshiper_2750-2600_B.C.jpg#/media/File:Mesopotamia_male_worshiper_2750-2600_B.C.jpgView on Boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East Bull's head from ceremonial lyre (c. 2600 BCE) This lyre was found in the tomb of queen Pu-Abi. The lapis lazuli, shell, red limestone decoration, and the head of the bull are original. The bull's head is covered with gold. The eyes are lapis lazuli and shell. The beard and hair are lapis lazuli. A lyre of the same type is shown on the Standard of Ur. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Bull's_head_of_the_Queen's_lyre_from_Pu-abi's_grave."CC BY-SA 4.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bull%27s_head_of_the_Queen%27s_lyre_from_Pu-abi%27s_grave_PG_800,_the_Royal_Cemetery_at_Ur,_Southern_Mesopotamia,_Iraq._The_British_Museum,_London..JPGView on Boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East Victory Stele of Naram-Sin (12th century BCE) The king stands in the center of the stele wearing a horned headpiece. His dead and dying enemies surround him while his own soldiers passively observe. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Victory_stele_of_Naram_Sin_9066."CC BY-SA 2.0 Francehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Victory_stele_of_Naram_Sin_9066.jpg#/media/File:Victory_stele_of_Naram_Sin_9066.jpgView on Boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East Burney Relief (c. 1800-1750 BCE) The Burney Relief is a Mesopotamian terra cotta plaque in high relief of the Old-Babylonian period, depicting a winged, nude, goddess-like figure with bird's talons, flanked by owls, and perched upon supine lions. Apart from its distinctive iconography, the sculpture is noted for its high relief and relatively large size, which suggests that is was used as a cult relief, which makes it a very rare survival from the period. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Burney reflief."CC0 1.0 Universalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burney_Relief#/media/File:British_Museum_Queen_of_the_Night.jpgView on Boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East Female statuette from Samarra (c. 6000 BCE) A female statuette from Samarra on display at the Louvre Museum. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Female Statuette from Samarra."GNU FDLhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FemaleStatuetteSamarra6000BCE.jpg#/media/File:FemaleStatuetteSamarra6000BCE.jpgView on Boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East Cylinder seal and stamped clay fragment from the tomb of Queen Puabi (c. 2600 BCE) The queen sits on the top register, while the king sits on the bottom. Each figure is set apart from his or her subjects through hieratic scale. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Cylinder seal from tomb of Queen Pubai."CC BY-SA 2.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Nic%27s_events_-_British_Museum_with_Cory_and_Mary,_6_Sep_2007_-_185.jpg#/media/File:Flickr_-_Nic%27s_events_-_British_Museum_with_Cory_and_Mary,_6_Sep_2007_-_185.jpgView on Boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East Chogha Zanbil ziggurat The Chogha Zanbil ziggurat was built in 1250 BC by Untash-Napirisha, the king of Elam, to honor the Elamite god Inshushinak. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Choghazanbil2.jpg."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chogha_Zanbil#/media/File:Choghazanbil2.jpgView on Boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East Lamassu This is only one example of how a lamassu would appear in Mesopotamian art. Other sculptures wear conical caps, face the front, or have the bodies of lions. In literature, some lamassu assumed female form. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."542px-Lammasu.jpg."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamassu#/media/File:Lammasu.jpgView on Boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East Palace ofDur-Sharrukin Round arches can be found in the central portal, as well as in each window on the right and left. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."568px-Palace_of_Khorsabad.png."Public domainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palace_of_Khorsabad.pngView on Boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East Ubaid pottery Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Ubaid pottery.jpg."Public domainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubaid_period#/media/File:Frieze-group-3-example1.jpgView on Boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East Sumer Map of the Cities of Sumer. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Cities of Sumer (en)."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cities_of_Sumer_(en).svgView on Boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East Uruk trough The unpainted surface of this trough marks it as a production of the Uruk period. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Uruk_Trough_-British_Museum.jpg."CC BY-SA 3.0https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=31079210View on Boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East Persepolis A panoramic view of its ruins. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."2009-11-24 Persepolis 02."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2009-11-24_Persepolis_02.jpgView on Boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East An artist's reconstruction of a ziggurat Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikispaces."32487-ziggurat-mesopotamia.jpg."CC BY-SA 3.0https://mesopotamiadiv1.wikispaces.com/ArchitectureView on Boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East Lamassu from Dur-Sharrukin Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."501px-Human_headed_winged_bull_profile.jpg."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=54505View on Boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East Assyrian Lion Weights These weights represented one of only two known systems of weights and measures in Mesopotamia at the time. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."640px-Assyrian_lions.png."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Assyrian_lions.png#/media/File:Assyrian_lions.pngView on Boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III This limestone obelisk contains 20 registers depicting conquered kings paying tribute to Assyrian power and celebrating the military campaigns of Shalmaneser III. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Black-obelisk.jpg."Public domainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black-obelisk.jpg#/media/File:Black-obelisk.jpgView on Boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East Statue of Ashurnasirpal II The king's beard and hairstyle set him apart from his subjects. He holds a sickle as a form of mythological defense and a mace as a symbol of authority. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."196px-Assyria_King_Statue_BM_(2).jpg."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Assyria_King_Statue_BM_(2).jpg#/media/File:Assyria_King_Statue_BM_(2).jpgView on Boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East Lamassu Each lamassu figure faced a specific cardinal direction. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."501px-Human_headed_winged_bull_profile.jpg."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=54505View on Boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East Detail of bull relief on Ishtar Gate An aurochs, or bull, above a flower ribbon. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."320px-Ish-tar_Gate_detail.jpg."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishtar_Gate#/media/File:Ish-tar_Gate_detail.jpgView on Boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East Uruk trough (3300-3000 BCE) An Uruk trough on display at the British Museum. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Uruk Trough."CC BY-SA 3.0https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Uruk_Trough_-British_Museum.jpgView on Boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East Ishtar Gate (c. 575 BCE) The reconstruction of the Ishtar Gate in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Ishtar Gate."CC BY 2.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ishtar_Gate_at_Berlin_Museum.jpg#/media/File:Ishtar_Gate_at_Berlin_Museum.jpgView on Boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East Royal Nineveh carving The king hunting lion from the North Palace, Nineveh, seen at the British Museum. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."640px-Nineveh_north_palace_king_hunting_lion.jpg."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineveh#/media/File:Nineveh_north_palace_king_hunting_lion.jpgView on Boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East Palace of Khorsabad (artist's reconstruction) Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."568px-Palace_of_Khorsabad.png."Public domainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palace_of_Khorsabad.pngView on Boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East Winged bull The winged bull figure, known as a shedu or a lamassu, was a common guardian figure in palace architecture. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Lamassu."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lammasu.jpg#/media/File:Lammasu.jpgView on Boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East Gate Guardians: The Man-Headed Lions This Portal Guardian (Lamassu) from Nimrud guarded the entrance to the palace at Nimrud. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Portal Guardian from Nimroud.British Museum."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portal_Guardian_from_Nimroud._British_Museum.jpgView on Boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East Black Obelisk The Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III commemorates the king's victorious campaigns from 859–824 BCE. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Black-obelisk."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black-obelisk.jpgView on Boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East Obelisk detail Depiction of either Jehu son of Jehoshaphat son of Nimshi, or Jehu's ambassador, bowing before Shalmaneser III. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Jehu-Obelisk-cropped."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jehu-Obelisk-cropped.jpgView on Boundless.com