Chapter 4. Labor Demand Elasticities.

1. Chapter 4. Labor Demand Elasticities. • Measurement • Determinants • Consequences of inelastic or elastic labor demand • Labor market shocks • Government policy • Unions • Cross elasticity of labor demand • Consequences of positive or negative cross elasticity of demand

2. Elasticity of Labor Demand • OWN-WAGE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND. where Ei is the level of employment for type i labor and Wi is the wage rate for type i labor use mid-point for calculating percent changes • If gii > 1, labor demand is elastic. • < 1, labor demand is inelastic.

3. Elasticity of Labor Demand • For a given wage, a steeper labor demand curve is more inelastic

4. Elasticity of Labor Demand For a linear labor demand curve, the "midpoint" divides the curve into an elastic and an inelastic portion. • Calculate elasticity for wages between • $10-12 • $6-8 • $2-4 • What happens to total labor income as the wage rises? • What wage maximizes total labor income?

5. HICKS-MARSHALL LAWS OF DERIVED DEMAND Based on scale or substitution effects, why is labor demand more elastic when: • product demand is more elastic • other inputs can be easily substituted for labor • the supply of substitutes is more elastic • labor is a larger share of total cost

6. Estimates of Own Wage Elasticity of Labor Demand

7. Application: Unions & Elasticity • Unions wish to raise wages while preserving employment. • How does elasticity of labor demand affect union “bargaining power”? • How can unions influence elasticity of labor demand?

8. Application: Unions & Elasticity • Truckload (TL) and Less than Truckload (LTL) • TL: hauling grain from one part of country to another. • LTL: UPS, FEDEX • Where is product demand more elastic? • Where is labor demand more elastic? • Where should unions have greater bargaining power?

9. Application: Unions & Elasticity • TL: Average union rate 28.4 cents.mile; union-non-union ratio of 1.23 • LTL: average union rate 35.8 cents/mile; union-non-union ratio 1.34

10. Application: Unions & Elasticity • Unions will be most successful at raising wages in industries with inelastic labor demand. • Labor versus capital intensive • Monopolistic versus competitive • Unions will pursue & promote policies that make labor demand more inelastic. • Trade restrictions • Minimum wage • Immigration • Unions might first seek to organize workers in markets where labor demand is inelastic.

11. Predictions for Union Wages • Substitution of capital for labor • Reduced labor demand and less employment • More capital intensive • Effect on elasticity of labor demand? • Effect on union bargaining power and wages? • Effect on power of strike threat? • More competitive product market • Increased competition • Effect on elasticity of labor demand

12. Dockworkers • Containerisationradically altered cargo handling • Capital substituted for labor • Port of NY/NJ • 1970: 30,000 longshorement • 1986: 7,400. Wayne K. Talley. Dockworker Earnings, Containerisation, and Shipping Deregulation. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, Vol. 36, No. 3 (Sep., 2002), pp. 447-467

13. Dockworkers • 1984 deregulation of shipping increased competition across ports • Allowed “door-to-door” rates in addition to “port-to-port” • Made it possible for shippers to decide on best combination of routes for “door to door” • Ports began competing with others 100s of miles away • East coast began competing with west coast • Asia shipping to East Coast began dropping cargo off ship on west coast and using rail across the states. Wayne K. Talley. Dockworker Earnings, Containerisation, and Shipping Deregulation. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, Vol. 36, No. 3 (Sep., 2002), pp. 447-467

14. Cross-Wage Elasticity If cross elasticity >0  i & j are gross substitutes (substitution effect > scale effect) If cross elasticity <0  i & j are gross complements (substitution effect < scale effect)

15. Cross-Wage Elasticity Determinants of cross-elasticity: • As type k labor's share of total cost increases, the scale effect of an increase in Wk grows, making it more likely that Ej drops (i.e. more likely gross complements). • As product demand becomes more elastic, the scale effect of an increase in Wk grows, making it more likely that Ej drops (i.e. more likely gross complements). • As the substitutability between the two types of labor increases, the substitution effect of an increase in Wk on Ej grows (i.e. more likely gross substitutes).

16. Cross-Wage Elasticity Some empirical evidence: • labor and energy are substitutes in production, but the degree of substitutability is small. • labor and materials are probably substitutes in production, with the degree of substitutability being small • skilled labor is more likely to be complementary with capital than unskilled labor.

17. Application: Minimum Wage Laws • The debate over the desirability of a minimum wage hike turns on: • Elasticity of labor demand • Who earns the minimum wage (effect on family poverty rates) • training and reduce future wage growth • monopsony power • Schooling choices

18. Application: Technological Change • Does technological advance make society worse off? • PPF as illustration of gains from technological advance. • Winners and losers • Gross compliments or gross substitutes? • Gains exceed loss, but can winners compensate losers? • Unemployment insurance, retraining, etc. • These programs lead to inefficiencies as well.