Chapter 29/30

1. Chapter 29/30 Wilson Progressivism At Home and Abroad WWI

2. I. Wilson Bio • Dr. Woodrow Wilson • President of Princeton • Professor • Democrat • Strong Progressive beliefs

3. II. Policies • Roosevelt Corollary • Latin American intervention by the US. Manipulating the Monroe Doctrine to favor US interests. • Panama Canal • “Big Stick Policy” • Taft: Dollar Diplomacy • US Business intervention in Latin America • Wilson: Moral Diplomacy • Self-determination

4. III. The 1912 Election • Taft runs for re-election (Republican) • Roosevelt runs again (Bull Moose Party – Progressive Republican) • Wilson (Democrat) • Wins due to Republican vote being split between Taft and Roosevelt.

5. IV. Reforms • Wilson wanted to destroy monopolies, was not wiling to defend corporations. • Clayton Anti-Trust Act 1914 • Benefits to labor • Fixed price discrimination • Federal Farm Loan Act 1916 • Made credit more available to farmers @ low rates of interest. • Workingmen’s Compensation Act of 1916 • Granting assistance to federal civil-service employees during time of disability. • Adamson Act of 1916 • 8 hour work day in train industry, overtime pay • Restricted child labor

6. V. Foreign Intervention A. Haiti: 1915 - Overthrow of Haitian president • Wilson sent troops to protect US lives and property. B. Mexico -1913 - Wouldn’t recognize Victoriano Huerta’s government “the brute”

7. WWI Breaks out in Europe • Wilson claims isolationism 1. Allied loyalties 2. German & Eastern European immigration ties. (immigrant sympathies)

8. World War I Allied Powers Central Powers

9. Continued……… • U.S. decides to sell to both sides of the conflict. • US business investors and overall economic status increased due to arms sale.

12. Continued…….. Lusitania: A. Sunk by German U-Boat B. Carrying 128 American passengers 1. Swung US public opinion towards sympathy to the allies. 2. Public upset about American deaths, but not enough to declare war.

14. Zimmerman Telegraph A. British intercepted telegraph from Germany to Mexico. B. If they join the war behind the German’s, after the war they will get back all the land lost during the Mexican American War.

15. US Joins the War • Congress approves declaration of war from President Wilson. • April 2, 1917: US declares war on Germany. • American opposition to war: • -Women, Quakers, Socialist Party • Instill draft – Selective Service Act • Average ages 21 to 30. (later 18 to 45) • Drafted 3 million, 9 million registered • 11,000 women volunteered • Nurses • Telephone operators • Clerical Workers

16. US Joins the War • Russia withdraws and retreats home because of the Russian revolution in 1917. • Allies were losing until the US stepped on the stage. • Majority of the fighting took place in France. • Overall US death toll: 53,000 killed

17. Segregation • African Americans were not treated equally. • Not allowed to hold high rank and were not allowed to mingle with the rest of the white American military.

19. The Home Front Changes at home during WWI.

20. Means to win the war… * Production of consumer goods to war supplies * Power of government expands to handle the responsibility • Pres. Wilson – direct control set prices & regulated certain industries

22. New Federal Agencies • War Industries Board • Mass production techniques • less versions of similar products • Set production quotas • Allocated raw materials • Industrial production increases 20%

23. New Federal Agencies • Railroad Administration – controlled railroad • Fuel Administration – rationed fuel supplies • “gasless Sundays” • “lightless nights” • daylight savings time

24. New Federal Agencies • Food Administration – Herbert Hoover • Gospel of the clean plate…. One day a week “meatless,” another “sweetless,” two days “wheatless,” and another two days “porkless.” Set high prices on staple crops = 30% increase in income for farmers

27. War Economy • Wages increase 20% • Most don’t see it due to rising food & housing prices • Stockholders in corporations see enormous profits • Labor disputes & rise in union membership • National War Labor Board: made gains in reform and managed disputes “Work or fight”

28. Labor Unions • “Labor will win the war” • “Work or fight” • AFL was in support of the war efforts. • After the war: 3 million veterans flooded the AFL to become union members. • Industrial Workers of the World: “Wobblies” • Against the war • Protest • Violent • Arrested • Extreme labor union

29. Selling the War • U.S. spends 35.5 billion • 1/3 taxes • The rest raised by selling bonds

31. Selling the War • To popularize the war… • CPI – Committee on Public Information • Propaganda agency • George Creel • Pamphlets, booklets, posters, volunteer speakers, art • 75 million distributed by Boy Scouts

33. Propaganda Fuels Hatred • Anti-immigrant hysteria- especially against Germans • Violent attacks • Removed German authors, artists, languages • Renamed German items • Ex. hamburger - salisbury steak

34. Silencing the Opposition • Espionage & Sedition Acts • Fined $10,000 or jailed 20 years for doing/saying anything disloyal or abusive toward government war effort • Violation of 1st AMENDMENT!!!! • Targets socialists and labor leaders • Eugene Debs – 10yrs for speaking out against the war effort & the draft • Emma Goldman – 2 yrs jailed, $10,000 fine, then deported for starting “No Conscription League” • Unions fade away

36. Social Change • Great Migration is accelerated – movements of African-Americans north to cities • More jobs for blacks, but tensions rise among whites in cities

37. Social Change • Women – move into heavy industry jobs while men are away • Red Cross volunteers • Field nurses * Women’s effort in WWI leads to the passage of the 19th amendment in 1919

38. The Flu Epidemic • 30 million killed worldwide • Fall of 1918 -1919 • Killed up to 1/3 of troops • hit Germans hard • 500,000 Americans

39. Paris Peace Conference • Wilson went abroad to discuss post-war details. • 14 points Speech • Peace plan rejected by Allied nation • Pushed for League of Nations • Conflict over how to maintain peace in Europe while disarming Germany & breaking up the Austria-Hungarian Empire. • Only point Allied leaders accept fully

40. Treaty of Versailles • Treaty of Versailles • June 1919 • Incorporated the League of Nations & new boundary changes • Germany humiliated and blamed • US isolationist were upset with Wilson’s compromises with Europe. • Pro-war not happy with Treaty, felt it was not strict enough. • Henry Cabot Lodge – opposed joint declaration of war in League of Nations • The U.S. NEVER signs the Treaty of Versailles • Bad conditions of Treaty lead to WWII