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Chemical Control of the Animal Body: The Endocrine System

Chemical Control of the Animal Body: The Endocrine System. pineal gland. hypothalamus. pituitary gland. thyroid gland. thymus. adrenal glands (one at each kidney). pancreas. gonads. testis. ovary. II. Hormones—chemical signals of change. A. Classes of animal hormones

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Chemical Control of the Animal Body: The Endocrine System

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  1. Chemical Control of the Animal Body: The Endocrine System

  2. pineal gland hypothalamus pituitary gland thyroid gland thymus adrenal glands (one at each kidney) pancreas gonads testis ovary

  3. II. Hormones—chemical signals of change • A. Classes of animal hormones • 1. Peptide hormones • 2. Amino acid derivatives • 3. Steroid hormones

  4. (a) hormone: (1st messenger) (plasma membrane) 1 (extracellular fluid) (cytoplasm) activates (nuclear membrane) 2 cAMP- synthesizing enzyme active enzyme product 4 hormone receptor protein (2nd messenger) 3 activates enzyme inactive reactant (nucleus)

  5. (b) steroid hormone (plasma membrane) 1 (extracellular fluid) (nuclear membrane) hormone-receptor complex 2 DNA 3 (cytoplasm) RNA polymerase ribosome hormone receptor protein 5 gene 4 mRNA protein synthesized (nucleus)

  6. II. Hormones—chemical signals of change • B. Function of animal hormones • 1. Binding to surface receptors • 2. Binding to intracellular receptors • 3. Negative feedback as a regulatory mechanism for hormone synthesis and release

  7. Hormone is distributed throughout the body. Endocrine cells release hormone. capillary Hormone enters bloodstream. receptor on target cell hormone- receptor complex SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE binding occurs, hormonal effects appear NEURAL TISSUE no binding, no hormone effects

  8. The mammalian endocrine system Major endocrine glands Hypothalamus– pituitary complex • Anterior pituitary hormones • Posterior pituitary hormones

  9. neurosecretory cells in hypothalamus HYPOTHALAMUS hormone artery direction of blood flow Oxytocin or ADH is secreted into the blood by neurosecretory cells. PITUITARY (anterior lobe) PITUITARY (posterior lobe) capillary bed capillary bed Hormone is secreted into the blood by pituitary cells. endocrine cells artery vein

  10. hypothalamus Hypothalamus sends impulses to posterior pituitary. hunger posterior pituitary Oxytocin is released and carried in blood to the breast. Nerve impulses are sent to Hypothalamus. Muscles contract and squeeze out milk. Suckling stimulates nerves in breast. milk gland muscle cells duct milk-producing cells nipple

  11. The mammalian endocrine system Thyroid and parathyroid glands a. Thyroxine and metabolism b. Hyperthyroidism and Graves' disease

  12. (a) larynx thyroid gland esophagus trachea (b)

  13. The mammalian endocrine system 3. Pancreas as an endocrine gland a. Regulation of blood glucose levels by insulin and glucagon b. Insulin insensitivity and diabetes mellitus

  14. eating insulin-producing cells pancreas glucagon-producing cells insulin glucagon glucose glycogen liver

  15. The mammalian endocrine system 4. Sex organs and steroid hormones a. Puberty and secondary sex characteristics b. Gamete production

  16. The mammalian endocrine system Adrenal glands a. Adrenal medulla 1) Produces adrenaline and noradrenaline a) Released in response to stress or emergency situations b. Adrenal cortex 1) Produces glucocorticoids a) Steroid hormones that help regulate glucose metabolism b) Glucocorticoids and sports medicine 2) Produces aldosterone • Steroid hormone that regulates the sodium content of the blood by affecting the kidneys and sweat glands 3) Testosterone synthesis and the bearded lady

  17. adrenal medulla (epinephrine, norepinephrine) adrenal gland adrenal cortex (glucocorticoids, testosterone, aldosterone) kidney

  18. The mammalian endocrine system Kidneys a. Erythropoietin 1) Response to low oxygen content in the blood 2) Stimulates the production of RBC in the bone marrow b. Renin 1) Response to low blood pressure 2) Activates the production of angiotensin, which constricts arterioles

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