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Origin, Generation, Migration & Accumulation of Petroleum.

Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering. By: Bilal Shams Memon. Origin, Generation, Migration & Accumulation of Petroleum.

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Origin, Generation, Migration & Accumulation of Petroleum.

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  1. Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering. By: Bilal Shams Memon. Origin, Generation, Migration & Accumulation of Petroleum.

  2. In the natural course of events, when plants & animals die; organic material is oxidized to CO2 & H2O – Key process is the conversion of inorganic carbon (CO2) to organic carbon through photosynthesis. Further the organic material may be preserved through rapid burial in sediment on onshore and offshore, that is favored by anaerobic conditions. Origin

  3. Organic material, buried in sediment under anaerobic conditions, will undergo three processes: • Diagenesis • Catagenesis • Metagenesis Generation

  4. Diagenesis: • In this process, both biological decay (aided by bacteria) and inorganic chemical reactions occurs in shallow subsurface at near normal temperatures & pressures. • This process occurs at the same time when sediments are undergoing compaction & dewatering. • In this process Methane (CH4), carbon dioxide & water are given off leaving a complex hydrocarbon termed “Kerogen” KEROGEN– “Disseminated organic material in sediments that is insoluble in petroleum solvents and which yields petroleum hydrocarbons on heating generation

  5. Catagenesis: • In this process, the petroleum is released from Kerogen(first as oil then as gas) that occurs in the deeper subsurface as burial continues & temperature & pressure increase. generation

  6. Metagenesis: This phase occurs at very high temperatures & pressures edging on metamorphism. Final hydrocarbons are expelled as methane/dry gas. generation

  7. This is the process by which fluids preferentially flow within a rock body. The driving force may be buoyancy or through compaction and hydrostatic pressures. migration

  8. When driving forces are restricted by complex geologic structures, the petroleum is accumulated into a reservoir rock having the seal. Reservoir Rock: Rock having the porosity and permeability for containing oil & gas. Seal:A permeability barrier that helps in containing hydrocarbons within a reservoir. Accumulation.

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