阅读技巧讲座

1. 阅读技巧讲座 （主旨大意题）

2. Four pieces of information are necessary for foreign tourists traveling to Tibet, a valid passport, a Tibet Entry Permit and an Alien Travel Permit. Those coming from Taiwan, Hong Kong SAR and Macau SAR must also carry these four documents. However , journalists and people that may be involved in political matters are not included in this, for they must travel to Tibet under arrangements made by the Foreign Affairs Office of the government of the Tibet Autonomous Region. Generally speaking, visas can be obtained from local China consulates(领事馆) in foreign countries. However, there are two exceptions : travelers from countries having a visa exemption(豁免) agreement with HongKong do not need a visa and travelers coming to Lhasa from Katmandu have to get a visa from the Chinese Embassy in Katmandu as regulated in an official memo between China and Nepal. Foreign tourists are not allowed to visit Tibet by themselves and they must register with a licensed Chinese tour operator that will help them obtain a Tibet Entry Permit. Application for Tibet Entry Permit has to be delivered at least ten days prior to the entry date. Information submitted should include the traveler’s full name, gender ,date of birth, passport number, nationality and occupation . All should be listed exactly as on the passport. Passport and visa duplicates (副本) are necessary. A Tibet Entry Permit usually costs around RMB 200 yuan. One Tibet Entry Permit is issued for each tourist group and is held by the guide. No individual foreign tourist is allowed to carry it. No legitimate travel agency provides “permit-only” service. A service package normally includes transfers and guides. An Alien Travel Permit is required for travel in certain restricted areas of Tibet (most of the Tibet Autonomous Region) and the tourist holds the permit. Normally travel agencies can help foreign tourists apply for the permit once they have arrived in Tibet.

3. What is the main idea of the passage? A. How to get the Tibet Entry Permit. B. Foreign tourists are not allowed to visit Tibet alone. C. Permits are necessary for tourists to Tibet. D. Papers are required for foreign travelers to Tibet. D

4. Four pieces of information are necessary for foreign tourists traveling to Tibet, a valid passport, a Tibet Entry Permit and an Alien Travel Permit. Those coming from Taiwan, Hong Kong SAR and Macau SAR must also carry these four documents. However , journalists and people that may be involved in political matters are not included in this, for they must travel to Tibet under arrangements made by the Foreign Affairs Office of the government of the Tibet Autonomous Region. Generally speaking, visas can be obtained from local China consulates(领事馆) in foreign countries. However, there are two exceptions : travelers from countries having a visa exemption(豁免) agreement with HongKong do not need a visa and travelers coming to Lhasa from Katmandu have to get a visa from the Chinese Embassy in Katmandu as regulated in an official memo between China and Nepal. Foreign tourists are not allowed to visit Tibet by themselves and they must register with a licensed Chinese tour operator that will help them obtain a Tibet Entry Permit. Application for Tibet Entry Permit has to be delivered at least ten days prior to the entry date. Information submitted should include the traveler’s full name, gender ,date of birth, passport number, nationality and occupation . All should be listed exactly as on the passport. Passport and visa duplicates (副本) are necessary. A Tibet Entry Permit usually costs around RMB 200 yuan. One Tibet Entry Permit is issued for each tourist group and is held by the guide. No individual foreign tourist is allowed to carry it. No legitimate travel agency provides “permit-only” service. A service package normally includes transfers and guides. An Alien Travel Permit is required for travel in certain restricted areas of Tibet (most of the Tibet Autonomous Region) and the tourist holds the permit. Normally travel agencies can help foreign tourists apply for the permit once they have arrived in Tibet.

5. Most small cuts do not present any danger. Large wounds can cause severe bleeding and result in falling blood pressure. Bleeding from large cut may require immediate treatment. • What to do For Bleeding From a Large Cut? • Wash the wound thoroughly with water. This will allow you to see the wound clearly and assess its size. • Place a piece of sterile gauze(纱布) or a clean cloth over the entire wound. If available, use clean rubber gloves to protect yourself from exposure to blood. If you can, raise the bleeding body part above the level of your child’s heart. • Using the palm of your hand on the gauze or cloth, apply direct pressure to the would for 5 minutes. During the 5 minute, do not stop to check the wound or disturb any blood blots(凝块) that may form on the gauze. • If blood soaks through gauze, do not remove it. Apply another gauze pad on the top and continue applying pressure. • Call your child’s doctor for all large cut or if: • You are unable to stop the bleeding after 5 minutes of pressure, or if the wound begins bleedings again. • You are unable to clean out dirt thoroughly. The wound is on your child’s face or neck. • There is something stuck in the wound. • The cut is more than ½ inch long or appears to be deep. Large or deep wounds can result in nerve damage. If you have any doubt about whether stitches are needed, phone your child’s doctor.

6. The passage is written mainly ______________ • to tell people how to do an immediate medical treatment. • to let people know more about first aid. • to describe the importance of stop bleeding • to explain how to give first aid to the children bleeding from laceration.

7. Most small cuts do not present any danger. Large wounds can cause severe bleeding and result in falling blood pressure. Bleeding from large cut may require immediate treatment. • What to do For Bleeding From a Large Cut? • Wash the wound thoroughly with water. This will allow you to see the wound clearly and assess its size. • Place a piece of sterile gauze(纱布) or a clean cloth over the entire wound. If available, use clean rubber gloves to protect yourself from exposure to blood. If you can, raise the bleeding body part above the level of your child’s heart. • Using the palm of your hand on the gauze or cloth, apply direct pressure to the would for 5 minutes. During the 5 minute, do not stop to check the wound or disturb any blood blots(凝块) that may form on the gauze. • If blood soaks through gauze, do not remove it. Apply another gauze pad on the top and continue applying pressure. • Call your child’s doctor for all large cut or if: • You are unable to stop the bleeding after 5 minutes of pressure, or if the wound begins bleedings again. • You are unable to clean out dirt thoroughly. The wound is on your child’s face or neck. • There is something stuck in the wound. • The cut is more than ½ inch long or appears to be deep. Large or deep wounds can result in nerve damage. If you have any doubt about whether stitches are needed, phone your child’s doctor.

8. D • The passage is written mainly ______________ • to tell people how to do an immediate medical treatment. • to let people know more about first aid. • to describe the importance of stop bleeding • to explain how to give first aid to the children bleeding from laceration.

9. 一、题干表现形式： 1). 主题型主旨大意题的题干表现形式: • The main idea of the passage is… • The passage is mainly about… • The passage is mainly discusses… • Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage? • What is the passage mainly about? 2). 目的类主旨大意题 • The author’s main purpose in writing the passage is to … • The passage is meant to …. • The purpose of this article is to … 3). 标题类主旨大意题 • The best title for the passage might be… • The best title for the passage would be

10. 二、如何做主旨大意题 • 1. 要搞清的是问某一段还是全文的大意，可利用文中主要信息来把握文脉，进行综合归纳，概括文章的主题。 • 2. 如有标题，标题中的蕴含的信息往往是关键信息。 • 3. 任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。

11. 三、应试技巧 一、主题句的特点 • 主题句所表达的意思具有概括性 • 文章或段落的其他句子都是对主题句的进一步解释,说明,论证或扩展.

12. 应试技巧 如何寻找主题句 Sample 1 People have different tastes in food. Some feel that they haven't eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were called fast--foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft drink. （1）主题句在段首 一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头，其后的句子则是论证性细节。在说明文，科技文献和新闻报道中多采用这种格式。

13. Sample 2 Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time. （2）主题句也会出现在段尾。作者先摆出事实依据, 层层推理论证, 最后自然得出结论, 即段落的主题。本段的中心思想在结尾句得到体现,它是此段内容的结论。

14. Sample 3 Just as I settle down to read or watch television, he demands that I play with him. If I get a telephone call, he screams in the background or knocks something over. I always have to hang up to find out what's wrong with him. Baby-sitting with my little brother is no fun. He refuses to let me eat a snack in peace. Usually he wants half of whatever I have to eat. Then, when he finally grows tired, it takes about an hour for him to fall asleep. 有时段落是先介绍背景和细节，接着用一句综合或概括性的话概括前面所说的内容或事例，然后再围绕主题展开对有关问题的深入讨论。这种文章的主题句往往会在段落中间出现，但不一定就是在正中间。

15. Sample 4 A bus driver must answer questions while guiding a bus through heavy traffic .All day long , the driver answers the same questions without becoming angry. Every few minutes a bus driver has to ask passengers to step to the back of the bus .In spite of traffic snarls and thoughtless passengers who cause delays, a bus driver is expected to cover his or her route on schedule. 这一段的隐含主题句可概括为：Driving a bus is hard work

16. practice Passage 1 Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand . Acamper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.

17. Passage 2 For adults a cold is not that serious. However, this is not the case for children. Cold symptoms in children may be sighs of more serious diseases and should be given prompt medical attention. 本段主题句为第二句, 因为在however 后面才是作者真正的看法, 并在下文中进一步作了说明。 当主题句被安排在段中间时, 作者往往从具体的事例谈起, 随之归纳出主题, 然后再围绕这一主题展开讨论, 使立论更加清楚, 具有很强的说服力, 即以“立”为主, 对正面观点进行阐述。

18. Passage 3 English is clearly an international language. It is spoken by pilots and airport control operators on all the airways of the world. Over 70 percent of the world's radio programs are in English. 本段主题句为首句, 其后的内容均说明首句。

19. Passage 4 Stories about the panda in the Washington Zoo are always front page news and important features on television newscasts. Stuffed pandas are among the most popular toys for children, and panda postcards are always in demand in zoo gift shops. The panda is always a popular animal in the world.

20. Millions of meat-eaters have made the personal decision to stop eating the flesh of other creatures. Here are some major reasons for such a decision. 1.The health reason … 2._______________Planet earth is suffering. In large measure, the great loss of species, destruction of ancient rainforests to create lands where animals can feed on grass, loss of top soils, and the increase of water impurities(杂质) and air pollution have a common cause which is the single fact of meat in the human diet. No single decision that we can make as individuals or as a race can have such a dramatic effect on the improvement of our planetary ecology(生态) as the decision not to eat meat. Many seeking to save the planet for future generations have made this decision for this reason and this reason alone. 3. The economic reason… • What might be the proper title for this part? • The ecological reason. • The pollutant reason. • C. The plant reason. • D. The generation reason.

21. 错误选项的特点 • 以偏概全. 只是局部信息, 或是一句没有展开论述的话. • 过于笼统. 即归纳的主题太泛, 与细节脱节或是没有对细节加以充分论述. • 把观点强加与作者. 读者往往根据自己的常识对文章进行判断而忽视了作者的见解. • 无关信息, 既在文章中没有提到或找不到语言依据的信息

22. If you were planning to buy a television set, the following advertisement would certainly attract your attention: "Color TV, only $79. Two-day sale. Hurry." However, when you go to the store ready to buy, you may discover that the advertised sets are sold out. But the salesman is quick to reassure you that he has another model, a more reliable set which is "just right for you." It costs $359. This sales tactic is called "bait and switch." Buyers are baited with a sales offer, and then they are switched to another more costly item. Buying items on sale requires careful consideration of the merchandise（商品）and the reasons for the sale. 1. Which sentence best expresses the main idea? A) The customer must be on his guard when purchasing items on sale.B) Color television sets which sell for $79 are sold out quickly. C) Many stores use the "bait and switch" technique to attract customers.D) Anyone planning to buy a television set should look for a sale.2. The paragraph could be entitled ____.A) Buyer Beware B) Closeout Sale C) Crime Pays D) Buying a TV Set 作者从一则电视机的广告入手, 介绍了降价推销的惯用手段, 称为 “bait and switch”（廉售某种不打算出卖的商品, 意在诱人购买昂贵的物品）。最后笔锋一转, 点出作者的真正意图, 即本段的主题句, 告诫人们在购买降价商品时要警惕中圈套。

23. A 37-year –old applicance merchant topped a list of China’s richest business people released by Forbes. Wong Kwong –yu (Huang Guangyu), founder of Gome Applicances, saw his wealth expand to $2.3 billion, according to Forbes. No .2 on the list was Xu Rongmao, with a fortune of US$2.1 billion, followed by Larry Yung , chairman of conglomerate Citic Pacific, with US$ 2 billion .Yung, also known as Rong Zhijian , was No.1 last year. One quarter of those on this year’s list are under age 40,reflecting the fact that most of China’s fortunes have been made in the past ten years as retail, Internet and real estate（房地产）companies sprang up to serve a booming consumer market. What would be the best title for the passage? A list of Richest Business People. B Wong Kwong –yu , the richest in China. C Chinese Richest Business People in 2006. D Forbes and Chinese Rich People. C

24. There is a simple economic principle used to determine prices. It is called the law of supply and demand. Supply means the amount of, or access to, certain goods. Demand represents the number of people who want those goods. If there are more goods than wanted, the price of them falls. On the other hand, if the demand for those goods is much greater than the supply, then price rises. Of course manufacturers prefer to sell more goods at increased prices. A) Economic Principles B) Law of Supply and Demand C) More Goods, Lower Prices D) Fewer Goods, Higher Prices 该问题中, A 泛指经济规律, 面过宽；C和D只是供需规则的两个单独方面, 不能包含全部, 面太窄。正确答案是B, 因为这正是短文自始至终讨论的主题。

25. That night，the men of his own village came to the school．For a while no one said anything．At last Carlos spoke，“We want to thank you for being in our village，”he said．“We want to thank you for teaching our children．” Ed looked at him．“I like teaching your children，”he said． “Then please don't leave us，”Carlos said． Ed understood．Now he knew why the men were there．They had heard Ed talk about the other village．They thought he was going there to teach． “But I am not leaving.”Ed said. What's the main idea of this passage？ A．The school Ed had visited was a great school． B．The men of the village wanted to thank Ed． C．Ed liked teaching the children of the village he lived in． D．Ed was loved and respected by the villagers of the village he worked in． 1.注重文章结构 。 2.找出主题句,归纳每小段段意 综合各段段意,得出文章主旨。

26. Tigers are found in many Asian countries．In the forest and grasslands，a tiger is hard to see．A tiger's golden coloured coat with its dark stripes is not easily seen for its hair is the same colour as the blades of yellowish grass and patches of deep shadow． This camouflage（伪装）is very importantbecause tigers are hunters．If other animals could see a tiger coming，they would quickly run away．The tiger has very strong，sharp teeth which are used for seizing and eating the animals it catches． The best title for this passage is ______ ． A. Tigers and Other Small Animals B. Something about Tigers C. Tigers' Camouflage D．How Tigers Live