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Roman Empire: Rise, Fall, and Legacy

Explore the rise of Ancient Rome from a republic of farmers to a Mediterranean empire, witnessing its expansion, the failure of the republic, and the rise of Christianity. Discover Roman engineering feats, the Pax Romana, and the transformation under Emperor Constantine.

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Roman Empire: Rise, Fall, and Legacy

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  1. 2.4 Ancient Rome

  2. Creation of a Mediterranean Empire • Location makes it ideal for Mediterranean conquest

  3. A Republic of Farmers • Land became basis for wealth • The Senate: Council of Elders, important in Roman politics • Roman Republic: Not a democracy, rich votes count for more • Consuls: Two heads of state at once • Senate: Wealthy, influential people, sometimes from military

  4. A Republic of Farmers • Patron/Client Relationship: Successful man teaching younger apprentice • Roman women had no public role but still more agency than Greek women

  5. Expansion in Italy and the Mediterranean • Romans were always seeking to expand • Rome first conquered all of Italian peninsula • Conquered peoples became citizens (unlike Greece) which helped Rome grow and succeed

  6. The Failure of the Republic • Small farmers left for war, farms taken over by large estates (latifundias) • Peasants wanted change after losing land, being replaced by slaves

  7. The Failure of the Republic • Armies are now loyal to generals, not republic • Octavian/Augustus takes power as “emperor” • Succession: Adopted son takes over (qualified)

  8. An Urban Empire • Not everyone lived in cities but the empire was administered through a network of towns and cities • PaxRomana: Roman Peace, safe and efficient to trade over long distances • Romanization: Spread of Latin language and Roman way of life

  9. The Rise of Christianity • Jesus killed by Roman governor, Pontius Pilate • Paul spreads religion, uses great Roman roads • Persecuted by Roman officials for not honoring Roman empire/emperor • Slowly becomes a sizeable minority by the third century CE

  10. Technology and Transformation • Roman engineering was the best the world had seen • Aqueducts: Carried water from its source to an urban center

  11. Technology and Transformation • After Augustus, expansion slows • More land = more problems • Constantine becomes emperor and reunited Rome in 324 • Wins a battle, sees a cross in the sky • Makes Christianity official Roman religion (changes Europe forever) • Capital moves to Constantinople (Byzantium)

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