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SPIE Defense, Security + Sensing 29 April – 3 May 2013, Baltimore, USA

SPIE Defense, Security + Sensing 29 April – 3 May 2013, Baltimore, USA. S-NPP VIIRS SSTs and Radiances: Accuracy, Stability and Consistency with AVHRRs/MODISs Sasha Ignatov, Xingming Liang, Prasanjit Dash, John Stroup, Yury Kihai, Boris Petrenko, Feng Xu, Marouan Bouali, John Sapper

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SPIE Defense, Security + Sensing 29 April – 3 May 2013, Baltimore, USA

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  1. SPIE Defense, Security + Sensing 29 April – 3 May 2013, Baltimore, USA S-NPP VIIRS SSTs and Radiances: Accuracy, Stability and Consistency with AVHRRs/MODISs Sasha Ignatov, Xingming Liang, Prasanjit Dash, John Stroup, Yury Kihai, Boris Petrenko, Feng Xu, Marouan Bouali, John Sapper Thanks to JPSS Partners U. Miami - Peter Minnett, Bob Evans, Kay Kilpatrick NAVO - Doug May, Jean-Francois Cayula NRL/USM - Bob Arnone, Walt McBride EUMETSAT/Meteo France - Pierre Le Borgne, Herve Roquet VIIRS SST and Radiances

  2. JPSS Program – Mitch Goldberg, Kathryn Schontz, Bill Sjoberg, Heather Kilcoyne, Janna Feeley, Bonnie Reed, Bruce Gunther, Rosalie Marley NPP Project Scientist – Jim Gleason VIIRS Sensor Data Records (SDR; L1b) Team – Changyong Cao, Frank DeLuccia, Mark Liu, and others VIIRS VCM Team – Andy Heidinger, Denis Botambekov, Tom Kopp NESDIS/STAR JPSS Team – Ivan Csiszar, Laurie Rokke, Lihang Zhou, and many others JCSDA CRTM Team – Yong Han, Yong Chen, Mark Liu, Paul Van Delst, Dave Groff Acknowledgements VIIRS SST and Radiances

  3. JPSS SST Team & VIIRS Products VIIRS SST and Radiances

  4. Outline • NPP and JPSS • NPP – The Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership • JPSS – Joint Polar Satellite System • VIIRS – Visible/Infrared Imager/Radiometer Suite • Global VIIRS SST Products at NOAA • IDPS – JPSS Interface Data Processing Segment • ACSPO - JPSS Data Exploitation (JDE) • IDPS/ACSPO - Different Cloud & Ice Masks, SST algorithms • ACSPO SST Imagery: VIIRS vs. Aqua MODIS • SST Analyses in SQUAM • ACSPO-IDPS Comparisons: Case Study 31 Dec 2012 • Time Series: AVHRR, MODIS, VIIRS Consistency • Radiance Analyses in MICROS • VIIRS Stability & Consistency with AVHRR/MODIS VIIRS SST and Radiances

  5. JPSS Data Products: IDPS– Interface Data Processing Segment • Algorithms: IPO/NPOESS (Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems) • Operational Products: IPO/NPOESS (Raytheon) IDPS (RDRs, SDRs, EDRs) VIIRS SST and Radiances

  6. NPP, JPSS, VIIRS NPP – The Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership • Successfully launched on 28 October 2011 • Transition from NOAA/POES & NASA/EOS – to JPSS JPSS – Joint Polar Satellite System • US - European Cooperation • US Contribution: VIIRS onboard NPP/JPSS in 1:30am/pm orbit. Planned launches: JPSS-1 (2016?), -2 (2022?) • European contribution: AVHRR onboard Metop in 9:30am/pm orbit. Metop-A (Oct 2006), -B (Sep 2012), -C (2017?) VIIRS – Visible/Infrared Imager/Radiometer Suite • Builds on MODIS heritage: Multispectral imager with high spatial resolution and radiometric accuracy • Products: Raw Data Records (RDR; L1a); Sensor Data Records (SDR; L1b); Environmental Data Records (EDR; L2) VIIRS SST and Radiances

  7. VIIRS Sensor VIIRS SST and Radiances

  8. SST Bands and NEDT (BB-based; non-aggregated pixels) VIIRS SST and Radiances

  9. Examples ACSPO SST Imagery: VIIRS vs. MODIS Gulf of Mexico 23 May 2012 – Night VIIRS SST and Radiances

  10. NPP/VIIRS ACSPO SST 23 May 2012 0730-0740 UTC – Night – Swath Projection ACSPO_V2.10_NPP_VIIRS_2012-05-23_0730-0740_20120526.053954.hdf VIIRS SST and Radiances

  11. Aqua/MODIS ACSPO SST 23 May 2012 0800-0805 UTC – Night – Swath Projection ACSPO_V2.10_AQUA_MODIS_2012-05-23_0800-0805_20120527.093405.hdf VIIRS SST and Radiances

  12. NPP/VIIRS ACSPO SST 23 May 2012 0730-0740 UTC – Night – Mapped onto 0.8km grid ACSPO_V2.10_NPP_VIIRS_2012-05-23_0730-0740_20120526.053954.hdf VIIRS SST and Radiances

  13. Aqua/MODIS ACSPO SST 23 May 2012 0800-0805 UTC – Night – Mapped onto 0.8km grid ACSPO_V2.10_AQUA_MODIS_2012-05-23_0800-0805_20120527.093405.hdf VIIRS SST and Radiances

  14. Examples ACSPO SST Imagery: VIIRS vs. MODIS Great Britain and Ireland 26 May 2012 – Day VIIRS SST and Radiances

  15. NPP/VIIRS ACSPO SST 26 May 2012 1250-1300 UTC – Day– Swath Projection ACSPO_V2.10_NPP_VIIRS_2012-05-26_1250-1300_20120529.075657.hdf VIIRS SST and Radiances

  16. Aqua/MODIS ACSPO SST 26 May 2012 1300-1305 UTC – Day– Swath Projection ACSPO_V2.10_AQUA_MODIS_2012-05-26_1300-1304_20120527.215350.hdf VIIRS SST and Radiances

  17. NPP/VIIRS ACSPO SST 26 May 2012 1250-1300 UTC – Day– Mapped onto 0.8km grid ACSPO_V2.10_NPP_VIIRS_2012-05-26_1250-1300_20120529.075657.hdf VIIRS SST and Radiances

  18. Aqua/MODIS ACSPO SST 26 May 2012 1300-1305 UTC – Day– Mapped onto 0.8km grid ACSPO_V2.10_AQUA_MODIS_2012-05-26_1300-1304_20120527.215350.hdf VIIRS SST and Radiances

  19. Wind Speed 26 May 2012 – Day – 1° gridded NCEP GFS VIIRS SST and Radiances

  20. Cal/Val Tools for SSTs and Radiances SQUAM - SST Quality Monitor www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/sod/sst/squam/ • Monitor SST Products (L2, L3, L4) for Self- and Cross-Consistency; Validate against in situ SSTs (iQuam) iQuam - In situ Quality Monitor www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/sod/sst/iquam/ • QC in situ SSTs, Monitor on Web, Distribute to users • Input to SQUAM MICROS - Monitoring IR Clear-sky Radiances over Oceans for SST www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/sod/sst/micros/ • Monitor Clear-sky ocean radiances for Self- and Cross-Consistency; Validate against CRTM simulations VIIRS SST and Radiances

  21. IDPS and ACSPO SST Monitoring in SST Quality Monitor (SQUAM) www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/sod/sst/squam/ VIIRS SST and Radiances

  22. ACSPO – IDPS Comparisons • Use SST Quality Monitor - SQUAM www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/sod/sst/squam/ • Stratify Comparisons by Day and Night • Compare IDPS vs. ACSPO, globally, to ensure comparable • SST Domain • SST Performance Statistics • Methodology • Analyze VIIRS L2 minus reference L4 SST (OSTIA) • Difference expected to be near-zero & near-Gaussian • Cold anomalies likely indicate residual cloud/aerosol VIIRS SST and Radiances

  23. DAY: ACSPO L2 minus OSTIA L4 31 December 2012 • Deviation from Reference SST is flat & close to 0 • Residual Cloud/Aerosol leakages seen as cold spots VIIRS SST and Radiances

  24. DAY: IDPS L2 minus OSTIA L4 31 December 2012 • More Cloud leakages in IDPS than in ACSPO • “Limb Cooling” – due to SST equations/coefficients VIIRS SST and Radiances

  25. DAY: ACSPO L2 minus OSTIA L4 31 December 2012 • Shape close to Gaussian • Domain and Performance Stats close to expected VIIRS SST and Radiances

  26. DAY: IDPS L2 minus OSTIA L4 31 December 2012 • IDPS sample +25% larger compared to ACSPO • increased Min/Max, STDV/RSD & Larger fraction of outliers VIIRS SST and Radiances

  27. DAY: ACSPO L2 minus in situ SST 31 December 2012 • Shape close to Gaussian • Domain and Performance Stats close to expected VIIRS SST and Radiances

  28. DAY: IDPS L2 minus in situ SST 31 December 2012 • IDPS sample +51% larger compared to ACSPO • increased Min/Max, STDV/RSD & Larger fraction of outliers VIIRS SST and Radiances

  29. DAY 31 December 2012 – Summary ΔT = “VIIRS minus OSTIA” SST (expected ~0) • IDPS SST domain +25% larger but all Stats degraded, compared to ACSPO • Gap between Conventional and Robust stats wider in IDPS - More outliers ΔT = “VIIRS minus in situ” SST (expected ~0) • IDPS SST domain is +51% larger but all Stats degraded, compared to ACSPO • Gap between Conventional and Robust stats wider in IDPS - More outliers VIIRS SST and Radiances

  30. NIGHT STD DEV wrt. Reynolds L4 Warm-Up Cool-Down Event IDPS shows larger STD • AVHRR & MODIS SSTs are consistent • ACSPO VIIRS is consistent with MODIS & AVHRR • VIIRS EDR shows larger STD, out of spec • Large peaks due to suboptimal performance of Ice Mask VIIRS SST and Radiances

  31. DAY STD DEV wrt. Reynolds L4 IDPS shows much larger STD Warm-Up Cool-Down Event • AVHRR & MODIS SSTs are consistent • ACSPO VIIRS is consistent with MODIS & AVHRR • VIIRS EDR shows much larger STD, out of spec • Large peaks due to suboptimal performance of Ice Mask VIIRS SST and Radiances

  32. VIIRS, MODIS, and AVHRR Radiance Monitoring in MICROS VIIRS SST and Radiances

  33. M-O Biases and Double Differences (“DD”) • Model minus Observation (“M-O”) Biases • M (Model) = Community Radiative Transfer Model (CRTM) simulated TOA Brightness Temperatures (w/ Reynolds SST, GFS profiles as input) • O (Observation) = Clear-Sky sensor (AVHRR, MODIS, VIIRS) BTs • Double Differences (“DD”) for Cross-Platform Consistency • “M” used as a “Transfer Standard” • DDs cancel out/minimize effect of systematic errors & instabilities in BTs arising from e.g. • Errors/Instabilities in Reynolds SST & GFS • Missing aerosol • Possible systemic biases in CRTM • Updates to ACSPO algorithm VIIRS SST and Radiances

  34. Double Differences in IR11 (VIIRS M15) CRTM V2.1 implemented VIIRS recalibration Metop-B: out of family N16: unstable and out of family Liang, Ignatov: Stability & Radiometric Consistency between AVHRR, MODIS, and VIIRS in SST bands. JGR, 2013, submitted • All AVHRRs and NPP/VIIRS are consistent to within ±0.1K • VIIRS Cal change 7 Mar 2012 reset BT@M15 by +0.14K – now better in family • Terra and Aqua/MODIS out of family by 0.6K – due to suboptimal CRTM coefficients in V2.02 • Both were back in family after CRTM V2.1 implemented on Sep. 13, 2012 • Metop-A and –B are inconsistent by ~0.3 K, due to suboptimal CRTM coefficients used in CRTM V2.1 VIIRS SST and Radiances

  35. Double Differences in SST CRTM V2.1 implemented New Reg. Coeff. used VIIRS recalibration N16: unstable and out of family • All AVHRRs, MODISs and NPP/VIIRS SSTs are consistent to within ±0.1K • VIIRS Cal Change 7 Mar 2012: SST +0.10K – Out of family • New SST coefficients implemented 3 May 2012: SST -0.15K – Back in family • CRTM update resulted regression SSTs more noise, and the new coefficients have been implemented since Dec. 2012. More data is needed to understand their performance VIIRS SST and Radiances

  36. VIIRS is a good sensor for SST Radiances: Stable, accurate, consistent w/AVHRRs & MODISs Quality of SST Imagery comparable or exceeds MODIS NOAA has two operational Level 2 SST products Interface Data Processing Segment (IDPS) EDR Advanced Clear-Sky Processor for Oceans (ACSPO) Status of IDPS “Beta” (available to users via CLASS). Quality suboptimal due to (1) Cloud Mask; (2) SST algorithms; (3) Quality Flags Work towards “provisional” (preliminary validated) underway Status of ACSPO Will go operational later in 2013 So far, ACSPO performs better than IDPS Discussions underway to unify IDPS and ACSPO Conclusion VIIRS SST and Radiances

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