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2. Resources Chapter Presentation Visual Concepts Transparencies Standardized Test Prep

3. Chapter 20 Community Ecology Table of Contents Section 1 Species Interactions Section 2 Patterns in Communities

4. Section 1 Species Interactions Chapter 20 Objectives • Identifytwo types of predator adaptations and two types of prey adaptations. • Compareparasitism, mutualism, and commensalism, and give one example of each.

5. Section 1 Species Interactions Chapter 20 Predation • Predationis an interaction in which one organism (the predator) captures and eats all or part of another individual organism (the prey).

6. Section 1 Species Interactions Chapter 20 Predation

7. Section 1 Species Interactions Chapter 20 Predation

8. Section 1 Species Interactions Chapter 20 Predation, continued • Predator Adaptations • Predators have adaptations to efficiently capture prey, whereas prey species have adaptations to avoid capture.

9. Section 1 Species Interactions Chapter 20 Predation, continued • Adaptations in Animal Prey • Mimicry is an adaptation in which a species gains an advantage by resembling another species or object.

10. Section 1 Species Interactions Chapter 20 Predation, continued • Two Types of Mimicry • Batesian • Mullerian

11. Section 1 Species Interactions Chapter 20 Predation, continued • Batesian Mimicry • A form of biological resemblance in which a dangerous organism (the model), equipped with a warning system such as conspicuous coloration is mimicked by a harmless organism.

12. Section 1 Species Interactions Chapter 20 Predation, continued • Batesian Mimicry

13. Section 1 Species Interactions Chapter 20 Predation, continued • Batesian Mimicry

14. Section 1 Species Interactions Chapter 20 Predation, continued • Mullerian Mimicry • A form of biological resemblance in which two or more unrelated dangerous organisms exhibit closely similar warning systems, such as the same pattern of bright colors.

15. Section 1 Species Interactions Chapter 20 Predation, continued • Mullerian Mimicry

16. Section 1 Species Interactions Chapter 20 Predation, continued • Mullerian Mimicry

17. Section 1 Species Interactions Chapter 20 Predation, continued • Adaptations in Plant Prey • Many plants produce secondary compounds as a chemical defense. Oaks and Pines Poison Ivy

18. Section 1 Species Interactions Chapter 20 Competition

19. Section 1 Species Interactions Chapter 20 Competition • Competitive Exclusion • Competitionmay cause competitive exclusion, the elimination of one species in a community.

20. Section 1 Species Interactions Chapter 20 Effect of Competition on Two Species of Barnacles

21. Section 1 Species Interactions Chapter 20 Warbler Foraging Zones

22. Section 1 Species Interactions Chapter 20 Symbiosis

23. Section 1 Species Interactions Chapter 20 Symbiosis • Parasitism • In parasitism, one species (the parasite) feeds on, but does not always kill, another species (the host). Ex. Ticks and Animals

24. Section 1 Species Interactions Chapter 20 Symbiosis, continued • Mutualism • In mutualism, both interacting species benefit. Ex. Clownfish and Sea Anenome

25. Section 1 Species Interactions Chapter 20 Symbiosis, continued • Commensalism • In commensalism, one species benefits, and the other is not affected. Ex. Spanish Moss

26. Section 2 Patterns in Communities Chapter 20 Objectives • Distinguishbetween types of succession, and explain why succession may not be predictable.

27. Examples of Changing Ecosystems • A forest could have been a shallow lake a thousand years ago. • Mosses, shrubs, and small trees cover the concrete of a demolished building.

28. Ecological Succession • Gradual process of change and replacement of the types of species in a community. • May take hundreds or thousands of years.

29. Primary Succession • Type of succession that occurs where there was no ecosystem before. • Occurs on rocks, cliffs, and sand dunes.

30. Primary Succession (continued) • Primary succession is very slow. • Begins where there is no soil. • Takes several hundred years to produce fertile soil naturally. • First species to colonize bare rock would be bacteria and lichens. • Lichens are an example of a pioneer species.

31. Primary Succession (continued)

32. Lichens • Do not require soil. • Colorful, flaky patches. • Composed of two species, a fungi and an algae. • The algae photosynthesize and the fungi absorbs nutrients from rocks and holds water. • Over time, they break down the rock.

34. Lichens (continued) • As the rocks breaks apart, water freezes and thaws on the cracks, which breaks up the rocks further. • When the lichens die, they accumulate in the cracks. • Then mosses begin to grow and die, leading to the creation of fertile soil. • Fertile soil is made up of the broken rocks, decayed organisms, water, and air.

35. Mosses on rocks

36. Primary succession can be seen happening on the sidewalks. • If left alone, even NYC would return to a cement filled woodland.

37. Secondary Succession • More common • Occurs on a surface where an ecosystem has previously existed. • Occurs on ecosystems that have been disturbed or disrupted by humans, animals, or by natural processes such as storms, floods, earthquakes, and volcanoes.

38. Secondary Succession: Mt. St. Helens • Erupted in 1980. • 44,460 acres were burned and flattened. • After the eruption, plants began to colonize the volcanic debris. • Pioneer species: the first organism to colonize any newly available area and begin the process of ecological succession.

39. Over time, the pioneer species makes the area habitable by other species. • Today, Mt. St. Helens in the process of secondary succession. • Plants, flowers, new trees and shrubs have started to grow. • If this continues, over time they will form a climax community.

40. Climax community: the final and stable community. • Climax community will continue to change in small ways, but left undisturbed, it will remain the same through time.

41. Fire and Secondary Succession • Natural fire caused by lightening are a necessary part of secondary succession. • Some species of trees (ex: Jack pine) can only release their seeds after they have been exposed to the intense heat of a fire. • Minor forest fires remove brush and deadwood.

42. Fire and Secondary Succession • Some animals depend on fires because they feed on the newly sprouted vegetation. • Foresters allow natural fires to burn unless they are a threat to human life or property.