ICT Technology – Issues and Opportunities

1. ICT Technology –Issues and Opportunities Prof. Rahul Tongia School of Computer Science CMU 17-899 Fall 2003

2. Topics • Trends in Technology • Time to update the adage “Cheaper, Faster, Better – pick any 2”? • Internet and Telecommunications • Primer • How it works (or doesn’t) • Wireless • 802.11 Introduction only • Spectrum and other issues

3. ICT – To Black Box or Not? • We can cannot cover everything in this one class (even semester!). . . • . . .But the much of the technological issues are not that hard – despite some people wanting to pretend they are. • With a little effort, the important details can be extracted

4. Requirements for Successful Service Will it inter-operate? Can it be built? Technology Standards Market Regulation Will it sell? Is it allowed?

5. Industry & Society: Penetration Rates Radio = 38 TV = 13 Cable = 10 120 Internet = 5 Users (Millions) 90 60 Cable Radio Internet 30 TV 0 ‘22 ‘30 ‘38 ‘46 ‘54 ‘62 ‘70 ‘78 ‘86 ‘94 ‘02 Years to reach 50M users: Source: Morgan Stanley

6. Doubling every 15 months Tera PC 1638400 819200 409600 204800 100G PC 102400 51200 Doubling every 2 years 25600 10G PC M 12800 I 6400 P S 3200 1600 GigaPC 800 From: Raj Reddy- The Global Village 400 200 100 2014 2015 2016 2018 2017 2019 2020 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Year The Heart of the Matter: The Growth of Computers

7. Storage Performance

8. 1,000Gb/s 100 Gb/s 10 Gb/s 1 Gb/s 1995 Projection 1990 2000 1980 1987 Projection 1983 Projection 1980 Projection 1978 Projection Optical Fiber: Promise & Performance Bell Labs Gilder’s Law – Optical speeds doubling in ~ 9 months

9. Software Challenges in Intelligent Data Processing D. Patterson & Kimberly Keeton UCB

10. Comparative Statistics CAIDA (2002)

11. What Makes the Internet tick? • The Internet runs on 3 things: • Boundaries • Limits of Responsibilities • Inside the core, is like a black box (“The Cloud”) • Standards (protocols) for data-centric design • Expectations of how things should work together • Layering • Robustness Principle • "Be liberal in what you accept, and conservative in what you send.“– Jon Postel • Resiliency – distributed architecture • Limits Monopolies • NO ONE OWNS THE INTERNET • Trust • Addressing schemes and registration • End-to-end design

12. What is the Internet? • The global (public) network built from hundreds and thousands of internetworking independent networks. • No single entity “runs” the Internet • Operates on standards • Built on a modified hierarchical structure • Packet Switching a.k.a. Backbone Providers Tier 1 Tier 2 Users • There are often more layers • There can be interconnections other than at a backbone

13. Structures of the Industry • Government Dept. • Government company (PTT) • PTT: Abbreviation for postal, telegraph, and telephone (organization). In countries having nationalized services, the organization, usually a governmental department, which acts as its nation's common carrier. • Regulated Monopoly • Competition • IXC – Inter Exchange Carriers • ILECs – Incumbent Local Exchange Carriers (Baby Bells) • CLECs – Competitive Local Exchange Carriers • Overbuilders • Unbundled Network Elements (Open Access)

14. “Call Completion” / Transaction Charges • Mail – postage stamp mechanism • Telephony – cost sharing mechanisms (vary) • Internet? • What are the costs? • Calling – sharp falls over time • Mailing – increasing over time • Faxing – not going away anytime soon • Email • Is it really free? • Access • Upstream TCO (ignoring SPAM, for now!) • Time

15. Peering – Internet “Call Completion” • Where backbones come together • Major design issue (relates to cross-connection) • Public Peering – fallout of the public history of the Internet • Network Access Points (NAPs) • Started with 4, but now there are more • Usually done by equals • Give as much traffic as receive • Private Peering • Commercial (private) • International peering is more limited (links are much more expensive)

16. TCP/IP • Suite of protocols for networking • Based on logical address for devices • Most popular standard worldwide – built into most OS • Like most other packet switching, is • Connectionless • Statistical (non-deterministic) • No inherent Quality of Service (QoS) • Most of IP routing is unicast • Routers pass packets along towards the destination hop-by-hop

17. Internet – Good for what it was made for • Best-effort data network • Scalable • Resilient • New trend – Everything over IP (XoIP) • Voice – Circuit switched • Less than half the traffic • Growth of ~25% vs ~100% (?) for data • But, is most of the revenue for carriers • Suppliers’“killer app” • For users, email and WWW are the killer apps (legal, anyways) • Internet Telephony is not the same as VoIP • Latency example • Berkeley – CMU IP-based lectures!

18. Applications vs. Networking Parameters

19. Internet is built on trust: • Registration (databases) are believed because people think they are correct • Domain Name System • Handles names for humans vs. binary for machines • Root names are the last .xxx, e.g., .com, .edu, .org, .mil, .ca, .tv • Just 13 root servers in the world • Many copies made for practical purposes • Borders define responsibilities

20. Standards and Regulation • Many bodies, sometimes with overlap • IETF (within IAB) handles the engineering of the network • W3C handles web standards such as html, xml, etc. • IEEE handles some standards • Requests for Comments (RFCs) are how things get standardized • Draft is circulated • Modified, debated, etc. (many versions often) • Becomes a standard by vote. • Companies often try and tilt emerging standards

21. Registries and Domain Names • Numeric address space is coordinated • Domain Names initially managed by ISI (Jon Postel) • National Science Foundation (NSF) hired contractor to administer • Network Solutions, Inc. (NSI) [under InterNIC] • NSF stopped paying NSI, allowed NSI to charge for .com, .net, .org • $70 for two years • NSI becomes enormously profitable * Based on information from Jon Peha and Gary Kessler

22. Domain Names (cont.) • NSF responsibilities passed to Commerce Dept. • The US government controlled key element of the Internet (!) so • NSF establishes ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) in 1998 • Has many critics • Registration became competitive by 1999 • Registry: manage database, NSI monopoly • Registrar: consumer interface, competition • IP address space (numeric) is still from regional authorities

23. Spectrum • Frequency affects • Capacity Bandwidth • Range • Interference and Line of Sight Requirements • Protocols and Technology ISM Bands are kept free for Industrial, Scientific, and Medical Applications, e.g., 2.4 GHz

24. Special Properties of Spectrum • Heavily controlled • Military uses • Licensed use • Source of licensing fees • Is a public good; everywhere yet not limitless • Many forms are appropriate for point to multipoint (including broadcast) • Encoding is key – bits per hertz

25. Spectrum Issues • 802.11 Alphabet Soup • a, b, g, i, etc. – Differ in • Data Rates • Bands • Compatibility • Distance • Is licensed spectrum better (cleaner, scalable, etc.)? • 3G licenses have gone for thousands of dollars per potential subscriber • Cognitive Radios might be the future

26. Hypothetical WiFi Kiosk • Access Points are now about $100 (only!) • What else does it take? • What range does it cover? • Number of Users • Band overlaps and congestion • FCC vs. ETSI regulations on emissions • Uplinking • IP address space • “Now What” Syndrome – need user h/w, s/w, etc. • Business Plan ? • Capex is less than half of “broadband” costs

27. ICT Issues • Policy • Convergence • Open Access • Universal Service / Digital Divide • Globalization • “Winner Takes All” • Internet • Is it special (Information Service vs. Telecom Service)? • Jurisdiction • Taxation

28. Issues in the Internet • Scalability • Internet is growing* at 100-300% • Running out of IP addresses – esp. LDCs • Long term solution: IPv6 • 128 bit addresses (millions per square meter) • Protocols and equipment are straining • Security • Distributed Denial of Service – example of an attack • Viruses • Spam • Privacy • Quality of Service • Voice