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Partner #1

Partner #1. What were the M-A-I-N causes of WWI among the European nations? And what was the ultimate spark that started the fighting?. Partner #2. What 4 countries primarily made up the Allies? What 3 countries primarily made up the Central Powers?. Partner #3.

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Partner #1

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  1. Partner #1 • What were the M-A-I-N causes of WWI among the European nations? And what was the ultimate spark that started the fighting?

  2. Partner #2 • What 4 countries primarily made up the Allies? • What 3 countries primarily made up the Central Powers?

  3. Partner #3 • What was trench warfare like for the soldiers? Describe the conditions and the weapons used.

  4. Partner #4 • What was the trench warfare like for you on Tuesday? • How were you feeling? What action did you take? What did you notice your classmates doing?

  5. Partner #5 • What war efforts were made on the home front in America? Come up with at least 3 examples.

  6. Draftees and Volunteers • Selective Service Act • Authorizes the draft of men • 24 million registered; 3 million picked • Called American Expeditionary Force (AEF) • Women • 11,000 volunteer as nurses, drivers and clerks

  7. Selective Service Act

  8. Convoy System

  9. The Convoy System • Get troops overseas without U-boats sinking them • Convoy - unarmed troop ships surrounded by destroyers, torpedo boats, and others ships with hydrophones • No troop ship was sunk!

  10. Doughboys

  11. American Soldiers in Europe • Did not merge with Allied troops; more offensive tactics • Fresh & energetic • Doughboys  nickname for American troops • White dust on boots • Civil War uniform buttons look like flour dumplings • White flour used to keep belts white

  12. African American Soldiers

  13. African American Soldiers • Used for manual labor; not fighting • 369th infantry: Harlem Hell Fighters • Merged with French soldiers to be allowed to fight • Received highest French medal

  14. Russia: Lenin

  15. Turning the Tide • Russia • Bolsheviks overthrew Russian government • Lenin made deal with Germany  peace if they helped get him in power • Germany now had only 1 front; sent a lot of troops to western front • Russia withdraws from WWI (Dec. 1917)

  16. Paris (March – May 1918)

  17. Americans save Paris • Fought back Germans from Paris • Marines: “We dig no trenches to fall back on. The Marines will hold where they stand.” • Lost over half of troops • Turned the tide of the war

  18. War in the Air

  19. War in the Air • Used to scout (observe) enemy positions • Dogfights • Shooting at each other in the air using pistols or machine guns • Aces: American Captain Eddie Rickenbacker downed 26 enemy planes • German zeppelins (hot air balloons)—100 raids on London killing 1,500 • Role in 1918 • Drop bombs on enemy • Not very effective, but confused enemy

  20. Cease Fire • Allies refuse to talk peace with Germany • German naval command order one last naval fight with British ships • German soldiers mutiny • Armistice: Nov. 11, 1918 cease fire signed in French railroad car • 11th day of the 11th month at 11am

  21. Cease Fire

  22. Influenza Epidemic

  23. The Influenza Epidemic • American soldiers carry new strain of influenza • First wave not as bad • Second wave in fall and third in winter killed many • Spread in crowded, unsanitary places • San Francisco required people to wear surgical masks • Philadelphia closed schools, churches and theatres • Grave diggers couldn’t keep up • Over 500,000 Americans died; 30 million worldwide

  24. I had a little bird, • Its name was Enza. • I opened the window, • And in-flu-enza.

  25. Casualties of War

  26. Losses of Soldiers • Red Cross helped out • 8 million estimated (5,000 per day) • 50,000 Americans died • Lost whole generations of young men • Thousands injured • Lost limbs to bullets and artillery • Trench foot = amputated feet from too much time in wet, muddy trenches • Poison gas caused blindness and lung damage

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