9/18 – 9/19

1. 9/18 – 9/19 • DO NOW: Take out Peace of Paris Reading Reflection – I will be around the room to check for completion & give a grade • ICEBREAKER – ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS WHILE I CHECK YOUR HW • 1) What role did self-determination play in the treaties of the Paris Peace Conference? • 2) Who was forced to sign the War Guilt Clause? • 3) Define reparations – • 4) What was the US policy at the end of WWI? • 5) What was Frances main goal @ the end of the war? Britain’s main goal?

2. Paris Peace Conference Agenda YOU WILL NOW BE PLACED IN YOUR PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE SIMULATION WITH DIRECTIONS TO FOLLOW • Opening Statements • Guilt Clause • Reparations • Territory Changes • Supervision • League of Nations

3. 1920 Territorial changes in Europe 1914

4. Creation of New states Some of the states that where created Austria, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Lithuania, Latvia and Yugoslavia

5. Wilson’s Fourteen Points • 1. Open covenants of peace. • 2. Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas. • 3. Removal all economic barriers. • 4. Reduce armaments. • 5. An adjustment of all colonial claims, based upon popular soveriegnty.

6. Wilson’s Fourteen Points • 6. The evacuation of all Russian territory and settle all questions affecting Russia. • 7. Belgium, the whole world will agree, must be evacuated and restored. • 8. All French territory should be freed and the invaded portions restored. • 9. A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearly recognizable lines of nationality. • 10. The peoples of Austria-Hungary, should be accorded the freest opportunity to autonomous development. • 11. Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated; occupied territories restored; Serbia accorded free and secure access to the sea. • 12. The Turkish portion of the present Ottoman Empire should be assured a secure sovereignty. • 13. An independent Polish state should be erected which should include the territories inhabited by indisputably Polish populations.

7. Wilson’s Fourteen Points • 6-13. Specific territorial adjustments • 14. A general association of nations (League of Nations) must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike.

8. Woodrow Wilson • Wilson got: • 1.   A League of Nations, • 2.   Self-determination for the peoples of Eastern Europe,  • But he was disappointed with the Treaty: • a.   Some of his ‘Fourteen Points’ did not get into the Treaty, • b.   When Wilson went back to America, the Senate refused to join the League of Nations, and even refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles

9. Treaties of the Paris Peace Conference • 2. What were the terms of the Paris Peace Treaties 1919‑20: Versailles, St. Germain, Trianon, Neuilly, Sèvres/Lausanne 1923?

10. Treaty of Versailles • The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919. Although the armistice signed on 11 November 1918 ended the actual fighting, it took six months of negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference to conclude the peace treaty. • Of the many provisions in the treaty, one of the most important and controversial required Germany to accept sole responsibility for causing the war (later known as the War Guilt clauses), to disarm, make substantial territorial concessions and pay reparations to the Entente powers. The total cost of these reparations was assessed at 132 billion marks ($31.5 billion, £6,600 million) in 1921.

11. Treaty of Versailles • Article 227 charges former German Emperor, Wilhelm II with supreme offence against international morality. He is to be tried as a war criminal. • The Rhineland will become a demilitarized administered by Great Britain and France jointly. • German armed forces will number no more than 100,000 troops, and conscription will be abolished.

12. Treaty of Versailles • German naval forces will be limited to 15,000 men, 6 battleships, 6 cruisers, 6 destroyers and 12 torpedo boats. No submarines are to be included. • The manufacture, import, and export of weapons and poison gas is prohibited. • Armed aircraft, tanks and armored cars are prohibited. • Blockades on ships are prohibited. • Restrictions on the manufacture of machine guns and rifles.

13. 9/20 – 9/23 • Icebreaker: • Identify 5 points from Wilson’s 14 points • What were 3 things addressed in the Treaty of Versailles discussed last class?

14. Paris Peace Conference Reflection • How did you feel about your group’s representation during our conference? • What was the most difficult part about debating your group’s point of view? • How did the debates of other groups help you understand the Paris Peace Conference? • Why do you think many argue that the Treaty of Versailles was an ineffective treaty? What about the Peace Conference simulation shows why the treaty may have been ineffective?

15. Treaty of Saint Germain • The Treaty of Saint Germain, was signed on 10 September 1919 by the victorious Allies and by the new Republic of Austria. It was not ratified by the United States. • The treaty declared that the Austro-Hungarian Empire was to be dissolved. The new Republic of Austria, consisting of most of the German-speaking Alpine part of the former Austrian Empire, recognized the independence of Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, and the State of Slovenes, Croatians and Serbs. The treaty included war reparations of large sums of money, directed towards the allies, to pay for the costs of the war.

16. Treaty of Trianon • The Treaty of Trianon was the peace treaty concluded in 1920 at the end of World War I by the Allies and Hungary, seen as a successor of Austria-Hungary. The treaty established the borders of Hungary. Hungary lost over 72% of the territory it had previously controlled, which left 64% of the inhabitants, including 3.3 out of 10.7 million (31%) ethnic Hungarians, living outside Hungary. • In addition, the newly established nation of Hungary had to pay war reparations to its neighbors.

17. Treaty of Neuilly • The Treaty of Neuilly, dealing with Bulgaria for its role as one of the Central powers in World War I, was signed on Nov. 27, 1919 at Neuilly, France. • The treaty required Bulgaria to cede Western Thrace to Greece, thereby cutting off its direct outlet to the Aegean Sea. The treaty also forced Bulgaria to return Southern Doubria, which had been captured during the war. • Bulgaria was also required to reduce its army to 20,000 men, pay reparations exceeding $400 million, and recognize the existence of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.

18. Treaty of Severes • The Treaty of Sèvres (10 August 1920) was the peace treaty between the Ottoman Empire and Allied at the end of World War I. The treaty nullified the territorial gains of the empire during the war.

19. Economic and political impact What were the geopolitical and economic impact of the treaties on Europe; the establishment and impact of the mandate system?

20. GERMAN reactions… • There was immediate condemnation of the Versailles Treaty by the German populace. The German state was not expecting to lose the war. When the dust settled and the harsh reality of defeat was made clear, the German people were dumbfounded. It was a military defeat, but also a psychological defeat for the German state. "…the German people were expecting victory and not defeat. It was the acknowledgement of defeat, as much as the treaty terms themselves, which they found so hard to accept" (Henig, 27). The terms which caused the most resentment in Germany were the loss of territory, the war guilt placed solely on Germany, the deliberate effacement of the German military and the demands of reparations

21. Germany surrounded by armed countries

23. Mandate System • A League of Nations mandate refers to certain territories transferred from the control of one country to another following World War I. Which included a minority rights clause and an International Court. The mandate system was established under Article 22 of the League of Nations. • All the territories subject to League of Nations mandates were previously controlled by states defeated in World War I, principally Germany and the Ottoman Empire.

24. Class A Mandates • The mandates were divided into three distinct groups based upon the level of development each population had achieved at that time. • Class A mandates • The first group or Class A mandates were areas formerly controlled by the Ottoman Empire that were deemed to have reached a stage of development where their existence as independent nations can be provisionally recognized subject to a lead country until they are able to stand alone.

25. http://www.mythsandfacts.com/conflict/mandate_for_palestine/mandate_for_palestine.htmhttp://www.mythsandfacts.com/conflict/mandate_for_palestine/mandate_for_palestine.htm

26. Class B Mandates • Class B mandates • The second group or Class B mandates were all former German territories in the Sub-Saharan regions of West and Central Africa, which were deemed to require a greater level of control by the mandatory power: "...the Mandatory must be responsible for the administration of the territory under conditions which will guarantee freedom of conscience and religion." The mandatory power was forbidden to construct military or naval bases within the mandates.

27. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:League_of_Nations_mandate_Middle_East_and_Africa.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:League_of_Nations_mandate_Middle_East_and_Africa.png

28. Class C mandates • Class C mandates • A final group, the Class C mandates, including South-West Africa and the South Pacific Islands, were considered to be "best administered under the laws of the Mandatory as integral portions of its territory“. • They essentially became colonies of the Mandates. • The Class C mandates were former German possessions.

29. Mandates in the Pacific. 1. South Pacific Mandate, 2. Territory of New Guinea, 3. Nauru and 4. Western Samoa

30. Impact of the Treaty of Versailles • Treaty of Versailles: Clemenceau had failed to achieve all of the demands of the French people, and he was voted out of office in the elections of January 1920. French Field Marshal Ferdinand Foch, declared, "This is not Peace. It is an Armistice for twenty years." • After Wilson's successor Warren Harding continued American opposition to the League of Nations, Congress passed the Knox-Porter Resolution bringing a formal end to hostilities between the United States and the Central Powers.

31. Impact of Treaty of VersaillesOn Central & Eastern Europe • Western Europe remained quite similar to what is had been in 1914, only a few territorial changes where made • Central and Eastern Europe where changed to a great extent. Before the First World War these regions where made up of large multinational empires. (Germany, Russia, Austro-Hungarian and the Ottoman Turks) 

32. Difficult to divide ethnic groups • Self-determination was taken into account in most cases however it was sometimes difficult as different nationalities, racial groups and linguistic groups where scattered across many different areas.

33. Ethnic groups in Austria

34. Treaty of Versailles impact on Germany • Germans of all political shades denounced the treaty—particularly the provision that blamed Germany for starting the war—as an insult to the nation's honor. They referred to the treaty as "the Diktat" since its terms were presented to Germany on a take-it-or-leave-it basis. Germany's first democratically elected Chancellor, Phillip Schneidmann refused to sign the treaty and resigned. • The German economy was so weak that only a small percentage of reparations was paid in hard currency. Nonetheless, even the payment of this small percentage of the original reparations (132 billion Gold Reich marks) still placed a significant burden on the German economy. • The economic strain eventually reached the point where Germany stopped paying the reparations agreed in the Treaty of Versailles. As a result French and Belgian forces invaded and occupied the Ruhr, a heavily industrialized part of Germany along the French-German border.

35. Closing message… • In 1919, the world was hopeful for peace, but peace is impossible when all that you want is revenge. It seems that no conference could be entirely successful after such as devastating war—but that didn’t stop those, like Wilson, from trying. However, over the years it would prove a failure.