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Introduction Why wetlands? Wetlands and global initiatives Tropical mangrove ecosystems

Topic A3. Slide 2 of 26. Outline. Introduction Why wetlands? Wetlands and global initiatives Tropical mangrove ecosystems Distribution of mangroves Mangrove for mitigation Adapting SLR in mangrove ecosystems Tropical peatland ecosystems Distribution of peatlands

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Introduction Why wetlands? Wetlands and global initiatives Tropical mangrove ecosystems

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  1. Topic A3. Slide 2 of 26 Outline • Introduction • Why wetlands? • Wetlands and global initiatives • Tropical mangrove ecosystems • Distribution of mangroves • Mangrove for mitigation • Adapting SLR in mangrove ecosystems • Tropical peatland ecosystems • Distribution of peatlands • Peatlands for mitigation • Ecosystem based adaptation • Summary

  2. Topic A3. Slide 3 of 26 Why Wetlands Tropical Wetlands Importance in the Global C Balance • Very high C stocks, some of the highest on the planet (0.25% of land surface but 3% of the world’s soil C) • Sources of methane (CH4), another species of GHGs • Rates of wetland cover change/deforestation is high in the tropics • GHG emissions from land use change much higher than those from converted upland forests

  3. Topic A3. Slide 4 of 26 Why Wetlands Wetlands provide numerous Ecosystem Services • Flood control • Coastal systems protect from storms and tsunamis • Breeding and rearing habitat for fish and shellfish • Sources of wood and other forest products • Ecotourism • High biodiversity • Habitat for rare and endangered species • Source of nutrients and energy to adjacent habitats • Storage of Carbon

  4. Topic A3. Slide 5 of 26 Wetlands and global initiatives:Ramsar Convention and IPCC Corresponding wetlandsSub-categories in theIPCC terminology RAMSAR class Aquaculture Ponds Irrigated land (if cultivated) Seasonally flooded agricultural land Salt exploitation sites Water storage areas Excavations (partly) Wastewater treatment areas Canals and drainage channels, ditches. Flooded Land Flooded Land Cropland Rice Cultivation --- Flooded Land Peatlands managed for peat extraction “Constructed wetlands” or Waste Sector -- • Bucharest COP 11 Resolution XI.14 on Implication of Climate Change on Wetlands

  5. Topic A3. Slide 6 of 26 Wetlands and global initiatives: IPCC Invitations to the IPCC to organize an expert meeting on methodological work related to reporting when using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories The expert meeting should explore the need and ways to clarify, improve and provide updated information, as appropriate, related to, inter alia: Information in Ch. 7 on wetlands, in particular the methodological guidance in those areas for which gaps are identified in Table 7.1 of Ch. 7 and gaps related to some uses of wetlands which are currently not fully covered, for example the drainage of wetlands, the rewetting of previously drained wetlands or wetland restoration.

  6. Topic A3. Slide 7 of 26 Wetlands and global initiatives: UNFCCC SBSTA

  7. Topic A3. Slide 8 of 26 Wetland and global initiatives: Blue Carbon Initiatives

  8. Topic A3. Slide 9 of 26 Global Mangrove distribution

  9. Topic A3. Slide 10 of 26 The 15 most mangroves-rich countries FAO (2007)

  10. Topic A3. Slide 11 of 26 Mangroves deforestation

  11. Topic A3. Slide 12 of 26 Mangroves in the Indo-Pacific region • Spanning 30o of latitude and 73o of longitude • Diverse in species and habitat • Storing carbon more than four times higher than those stored in tropical upland forests • High potential for climate change mitigation

  12. Topic A3. Slide 13 of 26 C-stocks in degraded mangroves Kauffman et al. Ecological Applications (2014)

  13. Topic A3. Slide 14 of 26 Global aquaculture production

  14. Topic A3. Slide 15 of 26 Sea-level Rise – IPCC AR5 RCP2.6: 0.26 to 0.55 m RCP4.5: 0.32 to 0.63 m RCP6.0: 0.33 to 0.63 m RCP8.5: 0.45 to 0.82 m For RCP8.5, the rise by the year 2100 is 0.52 to 0.98 m Source: IPCC (2013)

  15. Topic A3. Slide 16 of 26 Mangroves and SLR Vietnam Republic of Palau Modified from: Alongi Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science (2008)

  16. Topic A3. Slide 17 of 26 The Sundarbands • The world's largest remaining single block of mangrove forests • Appr. 1 Mha (10,000 km2) • Delta front has undergone a net erosion of ~170 km2 of coastal land in the past 37 years study period Source: Rahman et al. (2011)

  17. Topic A3. Slide 18 of 26 Global peatland distribution Source: Yu et al. Geophysical Research Letters (2010)

  18. Topic A3. Slide 19 of 26 Global carbon store in tropical peatland

  19. Topic A3. Slide 20 of 26 Source: Peatlands in Southeast Asia Source: IFCA (2007)

  20. Topic A3. Slide 21 of 26 Land-use change • The area projected to double again in the next 10 years • Indonesia’s revenue from palm oil is > $16 B/y Source: Murdiyarso et al. PNAS (2010)

  21. Topic A3. Slide 22 of 26 Ecosystem based approaches for adaptation to climate change The Technical Workshop was held in Dar es Salaam on 21-23 March 2013 EBA approach was adopted and supported by information compiled in FCCC/SBSTA/2011/INF.8 Wetlands are identified among the vulnerable ecosystems that require more attention: • Capacity building through trainings • Public awareness through improved communication • Good understanding of ecosystem services • Promoting policy (changes) and measures for EBA

  22. Topic A3. Slide 23 of 26 Peatlands ecosystem services for adaptation to climate change • ES provided by peatlands ecosystem: • provisioning (food, fuel, fiber/wood) • supporting (primary production of terrestrial and aquatic forms of lives, nutrient accumulation) • regulating (climate, fresh water cycles, pollution control) • cultural (aesthetic, recreational, educational, spiritual) • Used by the community to adapt with the changing climate

  23. Topic A3. Slide 24 of 26 Summary Tropical wetlands are key ecosystems for climate change adaptation and mitigation Projects may be developed to mitigate climate change but could be more strategic if synergized with adaptation objectives South and Southeast Asia offer a significant opportunity for climate change adaptation and mitigation through wetland ecosystems Data and information generated by scientific bodies is sufficient to support policy measures Scientific data will contribute to contribute to the National GHG Inventories

  24. Topic A3. Slide 25 of 26 References AlongiDM. 2008. Mangrove forests: Resilience, protection from tsunamis, and 446 responses to global climate change. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science76:1–13. [FAO] Food and Agriculture Organization. 2007. The world’s mangroves 1980-2005. FAO For. Pap. 153:89. Hooijer A, Silvius M, Wösten H, and Page S. 2006. PEAT-CO2, Assessment of CO2 emissions from drained peatlands in SE Asia. Delft Hydraulics Report Q3943. IPCC [Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]. 2014. 2013 Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories : Wetlands Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands. Switzerland: IPCC. Kauffman JB, Heider C, Norfolk J, and Payton F. 2014. Carbon Stocks of mangroves and emissions associated with conversion (Ecological Applications In Press). http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/13-0640.1 MoFor. 2008.IFCA 2007 Consolidation Report : Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Indonesia. Indonesia: FORDA Murdiyarso D, Hergoualc'h K, and Verchot LV. 2010. Opportunities for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in tropical peatlands. PNAS 107 (46):19655–19660. Page SE, Rieley JO, Topher C, and Banks J. 2011. Global and regional importance of the tropical peatland carbon pool. Global Change Biology 17:798–818. Rahman AF, Dragoni D, and El-MasriB. 2011. Response of the Sundarbans coastline to sea level rise and decreased sediment flow: A remote sensing assessment. Remote Sensing of Environment 115:3121–3128. Yu Z, Loisel J, Brosseau DP, Beilman DW, Hunt SJ. 2010. Global peatland dynamics since the Last Glacial Maximum. Geophysical Research Letters 37 (L13402). doi:10.1029/2010GL043584.

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