Causes of Martial Law

1. Causes of Martial Law Military Intervention in Politics

2. Outline • Concept • Various form of military intervention • History • Case Studies

3. Concept • Imposition of military rule by military authorities over designated regions on an emergency basis • Maintain law and order and security, and provide essential services extensive riots and protests, the disobedience of the law • Military replace civil authorities and perform some or all of their functions • The constitution could be suspended, and in full-scale martial law, the highest-ranking military officer would take over the govt

4. Cont…. • Martial law can be used by governments to enforce their rule over the public. • When threatened by popular protest (China, Tiananmen Square protests of 1989) • To suppress political opposition (Poland in 1981) • To stabilize insurrection or perceived insurrections (Canada, The October Crisis of 1970) • Martial law has also been imposed during conflicts and in cases of occupations, where the absence of any other civil government provides for an unstable population. World War II reconstruction in Germany and Japan

5. A military junta and Military Dictatorship • a government led by a committee of military leaders, Sometimes it becomes a military dictatorship, though the terms are not synonymous. • Nigerian military juntas f 1966–1979 and 1983–1998 • Military dictatorship a government where in the political power resides with the military • Stratocracy _Absolute rule

6. History • In Abbasids regime military was more powerful than the Khalifa • Victorious Generals were made rulers 1206-1526 • Mansab Dari System of Mughals was revenue administration combine with military rule • British Imperialism • Recent History

7. Case Studies • Egypt • In Egypt, a State of Emergency almost continuously since 1967 • The Parliament has renewed the emergency laws every three years since they were imposed • The legislation was last extended in 2003 and was due to expire at the end of May 2006; plans were in place to replace it with new anti-terrorism laws • In May 2008 there was a further extension to June 2010 • Finally Replaced by Muhammad Mursi of Al-Akhwan

8. Turkey • Since the foundation of the Republic of Turkey in 1923 the military conducted three coups d'état and announced martial law. • Martial law(AhmetKenanEvren) between 1978 and 1983 was replaced by a State of emergency that lasted until November 2002. • 1960 & 1971 Coups

9. Other cases • Israil 1994-96 • Irland 1916 • Poland 1981 • Tiwan 1947-87

10. Causes • Diversion from Ideological basis on Politics • Ideological Basis of Military • Delay in Constitution Development • Support of Bureaucracy • Politics of Reconciliation- (Principles or Reconciliation) • Public Policy and Military • Demand of role in govt by Military

11. Cont… • Political role of Military • NAB • Disaster Management • Weak Law Enforcement Agencies • Charges of Corruption and Shame democracy • Ineffective Article 6 • Specific reasons • Delay in Election 1958 • Rigging 1977 • Democratic Monarchy 1999

12. Causes • Failure of Politicians in political solution of problems • Various Military Operations of 1971,1973,1993-94,2008 • No alternative leadership/opposition • Failure to bring in house changes • Removal of Safety-Valve from Constitution • 8th 13th 17th • Failure of Major Political Parties • No National Political Party • Formation of various Political Alliance by Military • Weak Political Institutions • 1953 Partial Martial Law gave rationale

13. Effects • Economic development • Decade of Development 1960 • Stable Dollar 1980 • Real estate Economy 2000 • Gross Root Democracy • BD System0-Controlled Democracy • District Council-apolitical Democracy • Local Govt-Matric Democracy • Sabotage of Constitution • Ethnic Conflicts • PakhtoonMahajer 1958 • MQM 1985

14. Cont… • Weakening political institutions • Wars with in and outside the borders • Effecting the balance of Power in the Region • Role of Military in Foreign Policy_ National Interest (sic) Of ??????

15. National Interest • Kashmir Issue • Afghanistan Policy • Nuclear Program • War Against Terrorism • Economic and Military Aid • Major Infrastructure Projects • Relations with India

16. Some Examples

17. Pakistan

18. Park Chung-hee(September 30, 1917 – October 26, 1979) • Army general and the leader of South Korea (the Republic of Korea) from 1961 to 1979 • He remains a controversial figure in South Korea as a dictator who seized power with a military coup and ruled the country with iron fist for 18 years • He has been credited with the industrialization of the Republic of Korea through export-led growth. • He was named one of the top 100 Asians of the Century by Time magazine (1999)

19. General MacArthur • As Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers (SCAP) in Japan, helped Japan rebuild itself, institute democratic government, and chart a new course that ultimately made Japan one of the world's leading industrial power • He was effective interim leader of Japan from 1945 until 1948 • In 1946, MacArthur's staff drafted a new constitution that renounced war and stripped the Emperor of his military authority

20. Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle • A French general and statesman who led the Free French Forces during World War II • He later founded the French Fifth Republic in 1958 and served as its first President from 1959 to 1969

21. Colonel Qaddafi 1969-2011 Edi Amin 1971-1979

23. Solutions

24. Solutions • Retired Air Marshal Noor Khan has asked that the army should admit that the mistakes were committed so that it becomes a moral force, and not just a mercenary army • Political Solution of Political Problems • Reinventing our foreign policy • Rational Role of Military in Governance/National Security Council

25. Cont… • Stable Political Governments • K.B Saeed “1950-58 Pakistan had seven PM and one C-n-C while India had one PM and various C-n-C” • Reconstructing the ideological Basis of Military • In the past, military justified the rule as a way of bringing political stability for the nation or rescuing it from the threat of "dangerous ideologies”

26. Learning only occurs when one is willing to accept failure • US in the aftermath of the Vietnam debacle, and produced dramatic results during the 1991 Gulf War • The Egyptian Army learned from its defeat in the Six-Day War of 1967, and improved greatly by the time of the Yom Kippur War in 1973 • The top echelons of the Pakistani military need to rethink their strategy of continuing to ignore their troubled history • Those who forget the past are condemned to repeat it

27. Benevolent Dictatorship • A a form of government in which an authoritarian leader exercises political power for the benefit of the whole population rather than exclusively for his or her own self-interest or benefit or for the benefit of only a small portion of the population • A benevolent dictator may allow for some democratic decision-making to exist, such as through public referendums

28. The Benevolent Dictator Myth: Strong Leaders versus Strong Institutions • Rapid economic growth in some authoritarian countries has led many to believe that democracy is not necessary for prosperity and economic development • Democratic governance, however, is essential for economic growth to be sustainable in the long term • Strong democratic institutions, not strong leaders, are necessary for continued growth and investment.

29. Milbus • MILBUS also exists in well developed countries like the USA, UK, France, China, Israel or even Turkey. The Milbus or the PMEs (Private Military Enterprises) are generally known as the Private Military Industry. Famous US PMEs include Halliburton, Black-water worldwide, Defensecurity, Titan Corporations, Kellogg Brown & Root, Air Scan, DynCorp’s, CACI International, etc. Famous UK PMEs include Black-Op’s and Aegis Defense Services. Most of these are active beneficiaries of the Iraq War. The worldwide PME industry is now worth over $100 billion a year. Thus, this is not just a Pakistan specific industry