Chapter 8: Rise of Islam

1. Chapter 8: Rise of Islam

2. Warm Up Ch 6 and 7 Chapter 6 • Suttee: • Importance of Ganges River: • Mauryan king spread Buddhism throughout his empire Chapter 7 • an overland route linking China and the Med Sea • Empire arises in Iran and Mesopotamia • Sasanid religion: • Military technologies in Silk Road: • Role of Women in trading sea ports:

3. I. Origins of Islam • A. The Arabian Pen before Muhammad • Caravans linked cities and gave rise to merchants • Trade brought Arabs into contact with Byzantine and Sasanid Empires • Nomadic Arabians were polytheistic worshipping natural forces and celestial bodies, were familiar with other religions • Mecca: caravan city located between Yemen and Syria, became the center for the Islamic faith • Ka’ba is the center of city of Mecca, temple for Islamic Worship

8. B. Muhammad in Mecca • Muhammad was an orphan who involved himself in caravan trade • Muhammad was born in Mecca and had a successful career as a merchant • While traveling on business, Muhammad met followers of Judaism and Christianity • These faiths influenced his thinking • 610 he was given a revelation from Allah • Message from Allah: Muhammad believed Allah was the one god and all should submit to him, those who submit go to paradise, those who do not go to hell • Text of the Islam: Koran, Qur’an

16. The Five Pillars of Islam • Belief – profession of faith • “There is no god but God (Allah) and Muhammad is the messenger of God” • Also makes clear that Muhammad is a prophet, not a deity • Prayer – perform five daily prayers, always facing Mecca • Giving of alms or charity • Fasting = going without food or drink • Muslims believe that fasting is a way to show that God is more important than one’s own body • Pilgrimage, called the hajj, to Mecca • Mosque = building in which Muslims worship

17. C. The Formation of the Umma • Muhammad and his followers fled to Medina in 622 • Umma: followers and coverts from Medina formed a single community of believers • Caliph: leader of the umma • Caliphate: government established in Islam • Abu Bakr was Muhammad’s father in law and took leadership of the umma • Muhammad Ali believed he was to be the leader of the umma • Civil War breaks out and Ali is killed • Shi’ites support Ali • Sunni support Abu Bakr

18. Muhammad at the Kaaba

19. Abu Bakr

20. Ali

22. II. Rise and Fall of the Caliphate, 632-1258 • A. Islamic Conquest, 634-711 • Arabs took Syria, Egypt, and Sasanid Empire, Tunisia, Spain, Algeria, Morocco • B. Umayyad and Early Abbasid Caliphates, 661-850 • Umayyads were an Arab empire not Muslim, kept power in Spain • Umayyadsfall in Persia and the Abbas took over and ruled until 1258 • Baghdad became center of Abbasid culture

23. C. Political Fragmentation, 850-1050 • Abbasid empire falls because of communication and transportation issues • Turkish slave troops called Mamluks were not paid properly and took control of the caliphate and dominated the government • D. Assault from Within and Without, 1050-1258 • Tension in Spain would eventually lead to the Crusades

24. Mamluks

26. III. Islamic Civilization • A. Converts and Cities • People converting to Islam wanted to learn more so they moved to the cities • Urban centers begin to thrive and increase trade • B. Islam, Women, and Slaves • Muslim women: were veiled and secluded, right to inherit property, right to divorce, remarry, testify, appear in court • Muslims were not permitted to enslave Muslims, Jews, Christians, or Zoroastrians • Only prisoners of war were allowed to be slaves

27. C. Recenteringof Islam • Caliphates begin to decline and new authorities develop: madrasas and the Sufi • Madrasas: Religious colleges • Sufi: mystic fraternities whose members sought union with Allah through rituals and trainings • Spiritual guidance and rules for everyday life