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Chapter 15

Chapter 15 . Injuries to the Head and Spine. Head and Spinal Injuries. Any injury to the head or spine is very serious A head trauma Can cause the brain to bleed Can fracture the skull Can even send a fragment of the skull into the brain . Head and Spinal Injuries.

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Chapter 15

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  1. Chapter 15 Injuries to the Head and Spine

  2. Head and Spinal Injuries • Any injury to the head or spine is very serious • A head trauma • Can cause the brain to bleed • Can fracture the skull • Can even send a fragment of the skull into the brain

  3. Head and Spinal Injuries • Spinal injuries are very serious • Can be life threatening and can cause paralysis • Spinal cord • Serves as the communication pathway between the brain and the rest of the body

  4. Head and Spinal Injuries • Sports that carry a higher risk of neck injury • Gymnastics • Ice hockey • Basketball • Football • Diving • Extreme sports

  5. The Nervous System • The main components: • Brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord, spinal nerves and peripheral nerves • System is highly organized and intricate • Coordinating and regulating the body’s many responses to internal and/or external environmental changes

  6. The Nervous System • Basic structural unit of the nervous system is the nerve cell, or neuron • The neuron causes the body to react to its environment

  7. Nervous System Divisions • Central nervous system (CNS) • Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

  8. The Central Nervous System • The central nervous system • Consists of the brain and spinal cord • The brain • Surrounded by a protective barrier of membranes called meninges

  9. The Central Nervous System • Parts of the brain include: • Ventricles • Cerebrum • Cerebellum • Midbrain • Pons • Medulla oblongata

  10. The Central Nervous System • Spinal cord • Attached to medulla oblongata of the brain and continues down to the first or second lumbar vertebrae of the back • Protected by the vertebrae, cerebrospinal fluid, and meninges

  11. The Central Nervous System • Spinal cord’s two major functions are: • Conduct impulses through nerves • Connect body parts to the brain

  12. The Peripheral Nervous System • Outside the central nervous system • Responsible for gathering information and carries the response signals to and from the central nervous system

  13. The Peripheral Nervous System • Composed of the nerves located outside the brain and spinal cord • System is subdivided into the somatic and autonomic nervous system

  14. The Peripheral Nervous System • Two divisions of the peripheral nervous system: • Somatic • Autonomic • Sympathetic nervous system • Parasympathetic nervous system

  15. Evaluating a Head and Spinal Injury • If an athlete is down and unconscious • Always treat the athlete as if he or she has a possible head or spinal injury

  16. Concussions • Caused most frequently by direct blows to the head • Sudden jerks of the head and neck can also produce concussions • Causes immediate symptoms • Headache, dizziness, nausea, disorientation and confusion resulting from swelling at the point of contact

  17. Post-Concussive Symptoms • Any loss of consciousness • Persistent low-grade headache • Poor concentration • Retrograde amnesia • No memory of the time immediately before the injury

  18. Post-Concussive Symptoms • Anterograde amnesia • No memory of being injured or of the time immediately before the injury • Sleepiness

  19. Post-Concussive Symptoms • Loss of coordination • Slurred or incoherent speech • Irritability • Anxiety, depression • Ringing in the ears

  20. Post-Concussive Symptoms • Vacant stare and disorientation • Nausea and/or vomiting • Pupils do not react evenly to light or are unresponsive

  21. Injuries to the Ear • Cauliflower ear • Otitis externa • Swimmer’s ear • Rupture of the tympanic membrane • Foreign bodies in the ear

  22. Injuries to the Eye • Contusions • Corneal abrasions or lacerations • Retinal detachment • Foreign bodies and embedded objects • Fractures • Orbital roof and blowout

  23. Injuries to the Eye • Conjunctivitis • Sty • Hyphema • Ruptured globe • Contact lens complications

  24. Injuries to the Nose • Nosebleeds • Epistaxis • Nasal septal deviation • Nasal septal hematoma • Nasal fractures

  25. Injuries to the Mouth and Jaw • Temporomandibular joint dislocation • Jaw fractures • Dislocations and fractures of the teeth • Exposed nerve

  26. Injuries to the Spine • Contusions • Brachial flexus injuries • Abnormal curvatures of the spine • Muscle spasms

  27. Injuries to the Spine • Back sprains • Fractures and dislocations • Intervertebral disc herniation • Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis

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