Unit 4 Part II

1. Unit 4Part II

2. Intensifiers & Quantifiers • An intensifier • Definition: a word/group of words which normally indicates emphasis or strong feeling • Type: A kind of Adv which is sometimes called an adverb of degree • Function: used to modify Adj, Adv, V, VP, or another intensifier • Position: before or after the word that it modifies • Example: Am I good enough for her? • A quantifier • Definition: a word/group of words which indicates the quantity of something • Type: A kind of N determiner called an indefinite determiner • Function: used to modify N which follows it • Position: before N that it modifies • Example: Is there enough food for us?

3. Exercise 4Intensifiersand Quantifiersp.50

4. Types of questions • Yes/no question • begins with an auxiliary (“do”, “have”, “be”) or a modal • The answer “yes” or “no” is expected • Example: Are you married? • Wh-question • begins with a “wh-word” • The answer should specify a particular person, thing, place, reason, method, or amount • Example: Who is that guy standing over there?

5. Wh-Words (Question Words) • Wh-words: who, what, where, when, why, how, which, whose, whom • Types: pronoun, adverb, determiner (Pronouns/adverbs/determiners in wh- questions are sometimes called interrogative pronouns/adverbs/determiners.) • Functions: subject, object, modifier • Example: Who is that guy standing over there? (“Who” in this sentence = pronoun / subject)

6. Pron S Pron O Pron O Pron O Pron O Pron O Pron S Det M Pron S Det M Det M Adv M Adv M Adv M Adv M Adv M Adv M Pron O Det M Pron O Exercise 5 A

7. What Who What When How Who/Whom Who Where Why How Which Why What Whose Which What Whoever (?) When How why Exercise 5B

8. Connectives • Definition: a word/group of words whose function is to connect or join words, phrases, and clauses • Types: • Coordinating conjunctions • Correlative conjunctions • Subordinating conjunctions • Relative pronouns • Relative adverbs • Transitional words (or conjunctive adverbs) • Transitional phrases • Prepositions

9. Five groups of connectives classified according to their roles • Coordinating conjunctions(and, but, or)& Correlative conjunctions(either..or, not only..but also) join words/phrases/clauses which are grammatically equivalent • Subordinating conjunctions introduce Adv/N clause and link it to the main clause (I told him when he should come.) • Relative pronouns & Relative adverbs introduce Adj clause (a relative clause) (I remember the year when Richard II was born.) • Transitional words & phrases join two independent clauses and modifies the clause following it (However,… In other words,…) • Prepositions show the relationship between its object (called an object of/after a preposition) and some other words in the sentence (The phrase beginning with a preposition is called a prepositional phrase.) (I want to sit in the front row.)

10. 3 types of subordinate clauses • Adv clause • modifies V, VP, Clause, Adj, AdjP • Introduced by a subordinating conjunction • N clause • functions as Sub, DO, IO, OC, SC • Introduced by a subordinating conjunction • Adj clause (or relative clause) • modifies the preceding N, NP, Pron(A relative clause is used to give further info. about something.) • Introduced by a relative pronoun/adverb

11. Exercise 6A • Coordinating conjunction and, but, or • Correlative conjunction either..or, neither..or, not only..but also

12. when/after (AdvC) Although/though (AdvC) whether/if (NC) (that) (NC) Since (AdvC) Before (AdvC) while/as (AdvC) If (AdvC) That (NC) if/whether (NC) unless (AdvC) because/since (AdvC) While/as (AdvC) when/whenever (AdvC) (that) (NC) Exercise 6BSubordinating conjunctions (introducing NC/AdvC)

13. who (rp) which/that (rp) (which/that) (rp) where (ra) (why) (ra) which (rp) whom/who (rp) (when/that) (ra) when (ra) who (rp) whom (rp) whose (noun deter. In rela. clause) where/ at which (ra) whom (rp) (that/which/where)(ra) Exercise 6CRelative pronoun/adverb (introducing AdjC (relative clause))

14. Relative pronouns: what, who, whom, which • Relative adverbs: when, where, why, how

15. Exercise 6DTransitional words/phrasesp.55-56

16. Exercise 6E,F(One-word / Simple) preposition, Phrasal prepositionp.56-57