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To the wonderful, exciting world of ………

To the wonderful, exciting world of ………. Veterinary Public Health. STAN FENWICK’S AMAZING ADVENTURES!. Graduated BVMS, Glasgow 1978 Worked in dairy cattle practice for 3 years in England Major change of career: MSc in Fish Diseases 1981 Tropics beckoned: MSc in Tropical Vet. Medicine 1982

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To the wonderful, exciting world of ………

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  1. To the wonderful, exciting world of ………

  2. Veterinary Public Health

  3. STAN FENWICK’S AMAZING ADVENTURES! • Graduated BVMS, Glasgow 1978 • Worked in dairy cattle practice for 3 years in England • Major change of career: MSc in Fish Diseases 1981 • Tropics beckoned: MSc in Tropical Vet. Medicine 1982 • Sun at last: Overseas Development, veterinarian in Yemen Arab Republic for 4 years, lots of exotic diseases • Academic lifestyle called: Massey University teaching Vet. Microbiology and Public Health,1986 (thought NZ tropical!); Murdoch 2001 (pure public health at last!) • Put out to pasture 20??, consultancies to supplement pension

  4. MAJOR RESEARCH INTERESTS • Yersinia enterocolitica infections in people and animals • Campylobacter infections in cattle, sheep and poultry • Epidemiology and control of salmonellosis in sheep • Occupational zoonoses of agricultural workers • Meatworks hygiene and pathogen transmission • Public health implications of effluent disposal • Molecular epidemiology of enteric pathogens • Vaccine development for Salmonella and Campylobacter infections • Leptospirosis in rats, pigs and people • Rickettsial zoonoses in wildlife

  5. What Is Public Health? WHO stated in 1946 that “health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” The mission of public health is: “to fulfill society’s interest in assuring conditions in which people can be healthy.” This is achieved through the application of health promotion and disease prevention technologies and interventions designed to improve and enhance quality of life.

  6. How Is Public Health Different From the Other Health Professions? Public health is comprised of many professional disciplines including veterinary medicine, and its activities focus on entire populations rather than individual patients Patients need veterinary care only part of the time, when they are ill, however, communities need public health all of the time in order to stay healthy

  7. What Is Veterinary Public Health? According to WHO “veterinary public health is a component of public health activities devoted to the application of professional veterinary skills, knowledge, and resources to the protection and improvement of human health.”

  8. What Is Veterinary Public Health? • Promotion of animal health with a view to increasing production and productivity to ensure sufficient quantities of animal protein for human nutrition, and for the socioeconomic development of producing countries with export potential. • Protection of food for human consumption to guarantee its safety and nutritional quality and to prevent the transmission of disease agents through this medium.

  9. What Is Veterinary Public Health? • The surveillance, prevention, and control of zoonosesand communicable diseases common to humans and animals that cause widespread morbidity, disability and mortality in vulnerable human populations. • Promoting the development of in vitro models and the rational use of animalsin the development of the biomedical sciences.

  10. Animal Welfare • Animal welfare is part of public health • Veterinary Practice is about animal welfare • Welfare organizations (national and international) • Government • Research and Academia • Private Consultant

  11. What Is Veterinary Public Health? • The promotion of environmental protection in regard to the potential risks to public health stemming from the possession of production animals and pets, the presence of harmful fauna and syanthropic animals in cities, the industrialisation of livestock production, the exploitation of non-traditional species, and the protection of flora and fauna.

  12. VETERINARIANS IN PUBLIC HEALTH • Zoonoses are diseases transmitted from animals to people - public health veterinarians work to prevent these • Veterinarians work in abattoirs, as many foodborne diseases are zoonotic eg. Salmonella • Career opportunities in AFFA: biosecurity, keeping such diseases out, investigating new diseases • Other opportunities in Public Health: can work for Ministry of Health, World Health Organisation • Research career: many openings for veterinarians to research diseases of public health significance

  13. In a nutshell, vets contributions to public health are: • Provision of safe food and freedom from malnutrition • Control of zoonoses • Practice of epidemiology/population medicine • Maintenance of environmental quality • Maintenance of humane values towards animals • Provision of medical research

  14. Public Health and Undergraduates

  15. The undergraduate course at Murdoch comprises • Lectures – Currently 4th year (18 lectures), moving to 3rd year (24 lectures). • Rotations – These are in final year and public health consists of a one-week block in the ‘production animal rotation’. The week involves trips to a number of local establishments to observe and discuss the issues surrounding public health in action. Each visit is preceded and concluded by a group discussion. • Examples of visits: Beef and pig abattoirs; poultry processor; rabbit abattoir; kangaroo processor; egg processor; AQIS quarantine; live animal export feedlot; broiler farm; dairy farm; milk factory; Perth zoo; rendering plant; McDonald’s.

  16. Lecture topics Brief history of Public Health in Australia

  17. Meat and the Meat Industry

  18. MEAT QUALITY

  19. Meat Spoilage

  20. Preservation of meat

  21. Animal Welfare

  22. Processing, Inspection and HACCP - the post-slaughter period

  23. Residues, resistance and pollution Escher

  24. Food-borne disease in Australia

  25. Zoonotic Diseases

  26. The Classic Zoonoses Plague, Anthrax, Brucellosis, Tuberculosis, Tularaemia, Glanders

  27. Leptospirosis

  28. Vector-borne diseases

  29. Superficial, pet-associated and occupational zoonoses

  30. Viral and Emerging Diseases

  31. Protozoal and Parasitic Zoonoses

  32. Methods of assessment Non-traditional Traditional Educational game development; role playing; small group presentations Exams

  33. Stan’s lectures are just a load of old bollocks!

  34. Public Health and Postgraduates

  35. The postgraduate Public Health programme at Murdoch has 2 components – • Research degrees (Honours, MSc, PhD) • Strong collaboration with School of Public Health, UWA • Masters in Veterinary Studies (Veterinary Surveillance) • The MVS has been developed to allow graduate veterinarians to acquire knowledge and expertise in the field of veterinary surveillance

  36. MVS in Veterinary Surveillance Disease is a significant factor limiting the productivity of livestock in both developed and developing nations. New, emerging and re-emerging diseases of livestock can have a considerable impact on a country’s economy. Graduates will obtain the skills necessary to minimise disease incursions, monitor the presence of diseases and design appropriate control measures to minimise loss of production if diseases do occur.

  37. MVS in Veterinary Surveillance • One year programme – 4 units • Currently internal, extramural in future • Semester 1 comprises 3 coursework units • Principles of epidemiology • Practical applications of epidemiology • Infectious and emerging diseases • Semester 2 is a research unit and can be designed to investigate a problem relevant to the student’s country, region or area of work

  38. The MVS will enhance employment opportunities for veterinarians working in Australia and overseas by providing specialist training in the latest methods for development and evaluation of animal disease control programs. Graduates from this course should have employment prospects with Department of Agriculture, donor-funded livestock development projects and international organisations such as FAO.

  39. History of Public Health

  40. Milestones in Public Health BC • 1500 BC Book of Exodus described the 5th/6th plagues of Egypt, thought to be anthrax • 460 BC Hippocratic oath written, medical ethics described, ‘Aphorismi’ was the classical medical text for 2000 years • Anthrax also described by Hippocrates, Homer, Ovid, Pliny, Virgil • 25 BC Virgil wrote ‘Murrain of Norricum’ • TB shown in Egyptian mummies

  41. Milestones in Public Health Pre-1400 • 540-700 Plague epidemics described in Asia and Turkey (542 Plague of Justinian) • 1300’s Further plague epidemics: ‘quarantine’ used in Italy for plague ships; half of Europe’s population died; Rhone river consecrated by Pope for corpse burial; flagellant order started; xenophobia; destruction of feudal system in Europe

  42. Milestones in Public Health 1400-1700 • 1400’s Syphilis spread through Europe • 1500’s Major influenza epidemics; germ theory first proposed by Fracastoro; Paracelsus preached mystical doctrines • 1600’s John Graunt used statistics to describe disease incidence ‘father of epidemiology’; Redi refuted spontaneous generation; Van Leeuwenhoek described bacteria under the microscope

  43. Milestones in Public Health 1700-1800 • 1700’s Tuberculosis became a major problem with urbanisation/industrialisation; rabies and yellow fever epidemics in USA; Jenner invented vaccination using cowpox; Webster introduced examination of animals for food; importance of veterinary medicine in public health proposed in USA – before profession existed!

  44. Milestones in Public Health 1800-1900 • 1800’s Virchow used the term zoonosis to describe infections of animals contagious to humans; USA produced milk safety laws; Semmelweis showed that hygiene prevented puerperal sepsis • Cholera first described in India; Pacini wrote about cholera and germ theory; John Snow controlled cholera in London

  45. Milestones in Public Health 1800-1900 • Pasteur experiments validate germ theory; invents sterilisation and pasteurisation; attenuates fowl cholera and rabies organisms for vaccines; Lister used disinfectants in surgery • Koch discovers the anthrax and bovine TB organisms; transmits the diseases (Koch’s postulates); invents agar plates (Petri invents dishes!); Cohn discovers spores

  46. Milestones in Public Health 1800-1900 • Cohn invents canning; Chamberland invents the autoclave; Conn showed link between sewage, typhoid and oyster consumption in USA; Yersin and Kitasato described the plague organism, Simond discovered route of transmission; Ross linked malaria to mosquitos; E. coli used as water quality indicator in USA; viruses described by Iwanowski, Loeffler and Krosch

  47. Milestones in Public Health 1900-1930 • Bleach first used in USA to disinfect water; sewage disposal plants built and activated sludge developed; mosquitos linked to yellow fever following US invasion of Cuba (army ‘volunteers’ used in experiments!); Landsteiner discovered antibodies and antigens; Fleming, Chaim and Florey discovered penicillin

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