CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM THROUGH EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE ENERGY MANAGEMENT

1. CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISMTHROUGH EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE ENERGY MANAGEMENT Mrinal K.Ghose, Ph.D, D.Sc. Consultant : Asian Development Bank in Vietnam 113 Regent Estate , Kolkata -700092 ghosemrinal@lycos.com

2. 2007: Al Gore and the U.N.'s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Chairman Dr. Rajendra K. Pachauri) won the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize for efforts to spread knowledge about global warming. The level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere reaches 390 parts per million. Al Gore & Dr Rajendra K. Pachauri , IPCC

3. To conduct the "most widespread day of environmental action in the planet's history" with rallies, banners on the Easter Island states, underwater demonstrations, bike rides etc Top NASA climate scientist James Hansen - says that we have very little time to reduce this number : 390 ppm Maldives Underwater Cabinet Meeting, 17 October, 2009

4. Clean development mechanism Clean development mechanism involves the sustainable production and the creation of energy using processes and systems that are nonpolluting. Conservation involves economically efficient energy, which is safe to the workers , general communities and consumers. Sustainable consumption is the selection , use and disposal of products and services in a way that conserves energy and materials It minimizes the depletion of natural resources , avoids toxic and hazardous substances , and optimizes the quality of life of consumers Like sustainable production , sustainable consumption involves meeting present needs without compromising the capacity of future generations 4

5. Primary Energy Consumption vs. per capita Energy consumption 16TH CONVENTION OF INDIAN GEOLOGICAL CONGRESS, FEB 2-4 2009 22-10-2014 5

6. About of this lecture • This lecture begins with discussion of energy demand. • It continues with an explanation summarizing the mechanisms that are driving global climate change. • It also describes some key provisions of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol, aimed at curbing global warming. • The discussion then highlights the impact of climate change on energy sector and its engineering solutions like • Clean development mechanism through efficient technologies for sustainable energy management • 6

7. What sort of development ? • Curbing green house gas does not mean economic slow down. • A clean development mechanism (CDM) has been established under Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol • A paradigm shift is essential towards energy production with lower environmental impacts across their life cycle. • By 2015, China and India will account for 25% of world economy. • The question is what sort of development is to be ensured ? • Challenge lies in de-linking economic growth and environmental degradation. • 7

8. Energy demand • Of the total energy consumption , an estimated 35% is obtained from traditional sources such as fuel wood, agricultural waste, animal dung etc. • Other 65%, termed as commercial energy, is obtained from coal, oil, gas hydel, nuclear and renewable sources . • The share of various energy sources in the primary commercial energy consumption of the country is coal and lignite. • These are mostly used in power stations (75%), steel plants (6.2%), cement plants (3.6%), other industries and brick making plants (15.2%). • Petroleum and natural gas are mostly used for the transportation sector • There is a great demand and supply gap of energy in the country, which is widening every year . • 8

9. Growing energy demand • Coal enjoys the main primary energy source status in Asia Pacific, which comprises the largest population • The reserve-to-production (R/P) ratio in respect of major regions of the globe describes the life of different fossil fuels on earth • The fact remains that oil and gas have limited reserves to last 41 and 67 years respectively at current production level. • In contrast, world has a coal reserve to last 190 years at the current production level. • It follows that due to limited oil and gas resources, countries allover the world will have to depend on coal in foreseeable future for their primary energy requirement. • 9

10. Order of Magnitude of Energy Resources

11. Global Oil Production

12. Survey of Energy Resources : Oil 15 15 91 91 11 11 19 19 Europe Europe North America North America Asia Asia 34 34 42 42 Middle East Middle East Africa Africa 9 9 South America South America Oceania Oceania R/P RATIO 41.2 years R/P RATIO 41.2 years RESERVES 148 Gt RESERVES 148 Gt PRODUCTION 3.5 Gt/year PRODUCTION 3.5 Gt/year CONSUMPTION 3.5 Gt/year CONSUMPTION 3.5 Gt/year

13. Total world proven oil reserves (2005) – 1.2 trillion barrels

14. Survey of Energy Resources : Natural Gas 56 >100 40 9 Europe North America 70 Asia 57 Middle East Africa 29 South America Oceania R/P RATIO 59.8 years RESERVES 171 tcm PRODUCTION 2.6 tcm/year CONSUMPTION 2.6 tcm/year

15. Survey of Energy Resources : Coal 255 247 258 Europe North America Asia 50 0.4 20 Middle East 79 Africa South America Oceania RESERVES 909 Gt PRODUCTION 4.8 Gt/year CONSUMPTION 4.8 Gt/year

16. Major Comments • R/P ratio for fossil fuels: • Oil 40 years • Natural Gas 60 years • Coal 200 years • Uneven distribution of strategic resources around the world • Consumption areas do not all coincide with production areas. • New oil discoveries have not been forthcoming around the globe. • No shortage of global energy resources

17. Emission of CO2fromdifferent countries

19. PETRO-DIESEL CO2 CYCLE 13 pounds of fossil CO2 released per gallon burned Fossil CO2 Release to Atmosphere Refining Exploration

20. CO2 Emissions and Projections Source- From E. Macchi, Politechnico di Milano 27.12.2008 NESA XXI Annual Conference

22. Atmosphere Vegetation Global cycle Soil Fossil Fuel Ocean

24. CLIMATE CHANGE • Is it real? • How do we know? • Why should we care? • How sure are scientists? • What next—what can we do?

25. Arctic and Antarctic aquatic ecosystems are going to be depleted This depletion will exacerbate the effects of climate change

26. Dangerous Tipping Points:Melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet This would commit the world to a 20 foot increase in sea level.

28. CHANGES IN WIND PATTERN Warming of the oceans will increase the frequency of storms and hurricanes.

29. Draught

32. Coal as the prime energy source • Globally, the coal accounts for 26% of the primary energy consumption, whereas in India, it has a share of 46%. • In respect of generation of power, the share of coal on global basis is 36% and in Indian context it is 65% • Growth of Indian economy would lead automatically to growth in energy consumption. • The World Energy Outlook forecasts that India would face high demand of energy in future and coal alone will meet its needs. • 32

33. Why India Should take part? Electricity Generation – World and India Renewables 7.7% Nuclear 2.8% Hydro 25.3% Coal 57.7% Oil & N. Gas 7.0% India World 27.12.2008 NESA XXI Annual Conference

34. The share of various energy sources : • Coal and lignite 56%; Petroleum 32%; Natural gas, 8%; Hydel 3% and Nuclear and renewable 1%. • Coal and lignite are mostly used in power stations (75%), steel plants (6.2%), cement plants (3.6%), and other industries and brick making plants (15.2%). • Of the installed generating capacity , major share was thermal (71%), followed by hydel (25%) and the remaining 4% on nuclear and renewable. • The demand for the coal by the power sector was 317 Mt in 2006-07 and it would be 469Mt in 2011-12 . • Therefore, there is need to bring about quantum jump in domestic coal production so that plenty of coal is available for domestic consumption • 34

35. Commercial Energy Mix: Indian Scenario (Source: Integrated Energy Policy Report, Planning commission of India) 16TH CONVENTION OF INDIAN GEOLOGICAL CONGRESS, FEB 2-4 2009 22-10-2014 35

36. Concern over global warming • The average surface temperature is maintained relatively comfortable 150C because of an atmospheric greenhouse effect • CO2 reabsorb much of the outgoing radiation and reradiate about half of it back to the surface. • Were this not the case , the surface temperature would be around –180C • It has become quite concerned about the possibility of significant changes in global climate • Most models predict global warming at least 3-5.50C occurring over a period of just few decades • Such warming have profound effects on rainfall, plant growth, and sea levels, which might rise as much as much as 0.5-1.5 meters. • Severe draught conditions resulting from climatic warming could cut down substantially on CO2 uptake by plants. • 36

37. Impact of climate change • Warmer conditions will would accelerate release of both CO2 and CH4 by microbiological biodegradation of organic matter • The plant and animal pests-insects, and rodents would thrive much better in warmer conditions.. • Interestingly, acid-rain forming SO2 may have a counteracting effect on greenhouse gases . • The consequences of such an increase in average global temperatures within 100 years would be disastrous. • The IPCC estimates a sea level rise of 65 cm by the year 2100 putting millions of people and million square kilometers of land at risk of submergence. • Stretches of low lying areas will submerge and about sixty odd island countries shall face deep encroachment by sea water and some may disappear. • Changes in surface temperatures have profound effects on the water cycle and regional precipitation, evaporation and storm patterns. • 37

38. Kyoto Protocol • Kyoto Protocol of 1997 has brought to the surface a sharp differences in approach to the problem amongst major industrialized countries. • U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was adopted in New York in May 1992 and signed at the Rio Summit in June 1992. • India ratified the UNFCCC in November 1993, and after ratification by sufficient number of countries, the convention came into force from 21st March 1994 • The main objective of UNFCCC is stabilization of greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations • UNFCCC established a Conference of Parties (CoP) as the supreme body of the convention • At the first CoP meeting, the developed country parties agreed to start negotiations to arrive at quantitative CO2 emission ceilings within specified time frames of 10-15 or 20 years. • 38

39. Conflicts over Kyoto Protocol • The per capita CO2 emissions from fossil fuel use in China and India, are much lower at 2.76 and 1.16 tonnes compared to the world average per capita value of 3.9 tonnes . • The Kyoto Protocol was negotiated at the 3rd CoP meeting in 1997and has come into force on 16th February, 2005. • USA accounting for 24 per cent of the global emissions from fossil fuel use and with a per capita value of 20.1 tonnes has not yet ratified the Kyoto Protocol • USA has refused to ratify the Kyoto Protocol citing that China and India, have been left out of the requirement • The Protocol sets binding obligations on the industrialized developed countries to reduce their GHG emissions by at least 5 per cent below 1990 levels by the year 2012. • 39

40. GHG emission reduction • Enhancement of efficiency in production, distribution and consumption of energy. • Development of renewable energy sources. • Protection and enhancement of sinks of GHGs and sequestration of CO2 in coal seams and underground geological formations including oil and gas reserves. • Emissions trading, joint implementation and clean development mechanism. • A clean development mechanism (CDM) has been established under Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol through which joint implementation between developed and developing countries of GHG mitigation projects in developing countries would occur. • Imposition of tax on fossil fuel use, provision of tax credit for energy efficient vehicles and equipment, incentives for switching over to renewable energy sources etc. • 40

41. Carbon emission • Coal India Limited has prepared a 'Coal Vision 2025 that shows coal demand will increase from 460 Mt in 2006-07 to 1147 Mt in 2024-25 and over 71% of this demand would be for power generation. • The CO2 emission from India is likely to go up at a rate of 5 to 6 percent in this scenario and is a matter of great concern to the environmentalists throughout the world. • For reduction of CO2 emission the following CDM are proposed • 41

42. Mine technology • Employing high capacity equipment will need to be used for higher productivity • The obsolete equipment would be replaced by higher capacity state- of- the art technology equipment to reduce operating costs. • Full Maintenance contracts with OEMs to ensure higher availability and low downtime of equipment. • The operations must be directed and controlled by the G PS based networked software system. • All such actions for improving effectiveness of opencast technology need to be guided by the international benchmarks. • The present mix of manual, semi-mechanized and mechanized u/g mines needs to change in favor of 100% mechanized mines . • Technologies such as powered support long wall; continuous miners must be explored where geo- technical characteristics permit so. • 42

43. Coal bed methane (CBM):Co-benefits • The CBM industry is basically an outgrowth of petroleum industry. • Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas, as its adverse impacts are felt more intensely due to its shorter residence and higher potency in the atmosphere than carbon dioxide. • Methane is associated with coal as a byproduct of the coal formation process. • It is trapped in coal beds and released during and after mining. • This methane does cause disasters in underground coalmines. • If effectively recovered, coal bed methane associated with coal reserves and emitted during coal mining could be a significant potential source of energy. • It is well known that coal is formed due to bio conversion of fossilized organic matter, • In the process of coal formation, anaerobic conditions led to generation and trapping of methane in this coal seams. • The pressure exerted by naturally formed water keeps the methane" absorbed" on internal surfaces of coal. • 43

44. Underground coal gasification --a neglected optionin India • There is an urgent need to explore  alternative methods for commercial extraction of those coal resources • One solution is  underground coal gasification (UCG).  • This is a viable means to exploit the deep seated, remotely located and uneconomical coal resources with lower cost.  • UCG also has the potential to work offshore coal reserves where traditional mining methods are inapplicable. • UCG employs a series of wells to convert in situ coal into product gas (syn gas), thus eliminating the expense of mining and reclamation. • The technology is based on the management of underground gasifiers without making mines. • 44

45. Clean coal technologies • Clean coal technologies have been put in four main categories • (i) Pre-combustion clean coal technologies include beneficiation of coal, desulfurisation of coal, blending or homogenization of coal. • (ii) During-combustion clean coal technologies are fluidized bed combustion, staged combustion, low NOx burners, boiler tuning for efficient and optimized combustion, super critical and ultra super critical boilers • (iii) Post-combustion clean coal technologies involve flue gas desulfurisation (FGD), flue gas denitrogenation, catalytic reduction of NOx, plasma reduction or selective catalytic reduction • (iv) Advanced clean coal technologies are Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) power generation, • 45

46. Power plant optimization • Power plant performance improvement component is to support and prepare public and private power plant operators • Main emphasis is to be given to energy performance assessment, education, training and awareness building • Energy efficient technologies, followed by enhanced investment in energy efficient industrial plant technologies • Increased competitiveness of industry and commerce through reduction of energy cost. • 46

47. Conclusion • There is an urgent need to adopt CDM in Mining Technology and clean coal technology for meeting the energy security • The use of ultra clean coal in gas turbines directly will enhance efficiency of power generation to 52-55% from the existing efficiency of pulverized coal power generation of 30-38% • There is an urgent need for power plant optimization by using the least amount of energy to provide services and coming down energy losses • In the field of energy production, the choice should be made to adopt less emission producing and more energy efficient technologies such as carbon sequestration, integrated gasification combined cycle, fuel cell etc. • Clean development mechanisms proposed here can meet the energy security in a sustainable manner. • 47

48. Climate Change ‘Climate change poses a great challenge to our development prospects…....we need global response, a national response and a local response’ -------Hon. Dr. Manmohan Singh Prime Minister of India 27.12.2008 NESA XXI Annual Conference

49. The most beautiful thing… Is to see a person smiling & Even more beautiful… Is knowing that you are the reason behind it. Be a reason for others to SMILE

50. PROTECT OUR PLANET EARTH