Constitutional Period

Constitutional Period Period 3 1754-1800 APUSH/Lecture 2

Cognitive verbs Write your own definition based on your vocabulary terms here Cognitive verbs are to ____ As _____ is to ____ Relating factor is: ___________ AS ________________ IS TO ____________ Relating factor: ____________________ American Revolution

A New Form of Government? • States drafted new constitutions • Defined citizens’ rights • Increased the power of the legislatures • Fear of powerful executives • Republicanism vs. democracy • Republicanism preferred landed elites, power in the hands of a few • Democracy synonymous with “mob rule” and development of corrupt factions • Debate on who may vote • Whites? Property owners? All males? Women? Christians?

Articles of Confederation AOC • Each state retains “sovereignty, freedom, and independence” • Unicameral legislature and weak national government • No executive or judicial system • Could not regulate interstate commerce • Limited taxation • Voting and Ratification • Each state received one vote • No new tax or amendments without unanimous consent

The Good: Northwest Territory • Land Ordinance of 1785 • 36-square-mile township • Each township divided into 36 sections of 640 acres each • $1 each acre • Sections set aside for school and church • Some land set aside as source of federal revenue

The Good: Northwest Territory • Northwest Ordinance of 1787 • Forbade slavery north of Ohio River • Admitting states • Once 5,000 adult males settled then vote • When population at 60,000, residents approve state constitution • Angered Natives • Hoped for British support • Deals with the Spanish

The Bad: Problems with the Articles

Tensions rise Jay-Gardoqui Treaty Spain’s rights to Mississippi River New England’s depression Merchants and shippers preferred a stronger government to secure improved commerce Massachusetts farmers in serious debt Held meetings protesting “tyrannical Mass. government” Daniel Shays led 2,000 men to shut down western courts to avoid foreclosures Failed but support for Shays and farmers grew Nationalists more determined to reform the Articles fearing disunion The Ugly: Shays’s Rebellion (1786-1787)

DBQ Practice To what extent did the American Revolution fundamentally change American society? • ON YOUR OWN: Write an introduction w/ contextualizatation and thesis statement • With group, divide up documents • HIPPO each • Decide on body paragraphs • Decide OUTSIDE info.

Articles of Confederation1781-1789 Est. a single-chamber national Congress, each state held only one vote. NO executive or judicial branch, Congress had NO power to tax or regulate commerce. However, the AOC est. states’ rights and also provided for American independence, uniting all the colonies during the war. A.O.C. IS TO ______AOC is to ______ as ____ is to _____ Relating Factor: _____________ AS ________________ IS TO ____________ Relating factor: ____________________ American Revolution

Toward a Constitution • Annapolis Convention (1786) • five states meet in Maryland to discuss interstate commerce • Decide to reform Articles • Constitutional Convention at Philadelphia • All states but Rhode Island • Held in secrecy • Common nationalist viewpoint • Reform Articles or devise new government altogether? • The Delegates • 55 delegates • Mostly wealthy, middle-aged, professional • 19 delegates owned slaves

Virginia Plan Strong central government Virtually total legislative control over the states Bicameral legislature Proportional representation to each states population in both houses Both houses chose executive and judicial Lower house directly elected Lower house elected upper house with input from state legislatures New Jersey Plan Unicameral legislature Each state with an equal vote Game Theory: Representation

Great CompromiseConnect-i-cut Compromise • Bicameral legislature • Lower house (House of Representatives) based on proportion of each state’s population and directly elected • Upper house (Senate) based on equal representation of 2 senators each and elected by state legislatures • NOTE: Virginia and New Jersey Plans allowed for Congress to pass revenue bills, regulate commerce, supremacy over states

Separation of Powers/Checks and Balances/Federalism • National government divided equally among three branches: legislative (make laws), executive (enforce laws), judicial (interpret laws) • Each branch checked each other • Federalism: division of powers between national government and states

Federalism

Three-Fifths Compromise and Slavery • Concerning representation, Southern states requested slave populations counted while Northern states noted hypocrisy and advantage (but game theory so…) • 5 slaves = counted as 3 for census • Fugitive Slave Clause • Importation of slaves banned by 1808

HIPPOAlexander Hamilton The natural situation of this country seems to divide its interests into different classes. There are navigating and non-navigating States. The Northern are properly the navigating States; the Southern appear to possess neither the means nor the spirit of navigation. This difference in situation naturally produces a dissimilarity of interests and views respecting foreign commerce. It was the interest of the Northern States, that there should be no restraints on their navigation, and that they should have full power, by a majority in Congress, to make commercial regulations in favor of their own, and in restraint of the navigation of foreigners. The Southern States wished to impose a restraint on the Northern, by requiring that two thirds in Congress should be requisite to pass an act in regulation of commerce. They were apprehensive that the restraints of a navigation law would discourage foreigners; and, by obliging them to employ the shipping of the Northern States, would probably enhance their freight. This being the case, they insisted strenuously on having this provision ingrafted in the Constitution; and the Northern States were as anxious in opposing it. On the other hand, the small States, seeing themselves embraced by the Confederation upon equal terms, wished to retain the advantages which they already possessed. The large States, on the contrary, thought it improper that Rhode Island and Delaware should enjoy an equal suffrage with themselves. From these sources a delicate and difficult contest arose. It became necessary, therefore, to compromise, or the convention must have dissolved without effecting any thing.

Treaty of Paris 1783 Britain recognized USA as independent; granted generous land (Mississippi River to Great Lakes to Spanish Florida plus a share in the priceless fisheries on Newfoundland); Americans could no longer persecute Loyalists and had to restore their property to them. Treaty of Paris is to ____ As _____ is to ____ Relating factor is: ___________ AS ________________ IS TO ____________ Relating factor: ____________________ American Revolution

Strong central government Well-funded and politically organized Favored by merchants, urban centers, frontiersmen The Federalist Papers Federalist No. 10 Federalist No. 51 States rights Argued for a Bill of Rights Favored by small farmers Federalists vs Anti-Federalists

Federalist Papers • #51  •  #10

Bill of Rights • First Ten Amendments • Guarantee of civil liberties • First Amendment • Establishment Clause • Freedom of… • Tenth Amendment • Federalism

Federalism Government in which power is divided b/w the national and state governments. Powers granted to the national gov’t by the Constitution are known as delegated / “ENUMERATED” powers,. Powers kept by the state are called “RESERVE” powers. The governments also share some powers, which are called CONCURRENTpowers. Federalism is to ____ As ______ is to _______ Relating factor: _______IS TO ____________ AS ________________ IS TO ____________ Relating factor: ____________________ New Nation

Washington and the Constitution • Washington unanimously elected • John Adams as VP • Status and leadership • The Cabinet • Secretary of State, Treasury, War; Attorney General • Judiciary Act of 1789 • Est. federal judicial system • Attorney General created • Whiskey Rebellion (1794) • Use of federal troops exemplified national power

Reports on the Public Credit Develop the nation’s credit esp. abroad Fund debt by selling bonds Assume state debts Pay off interest rather than pay principal: “perpetual debt” Opponents argued wealthy would benefit greatly Southern farmers fear growth of Northern businesses Brokers a deal with Madison and Jefferson Assume debt Capital in the South Report on a National Bank Safe place for revenues Develop nation’s credit Issue of paper notes Established as a private institution Opponents - Jefferson and Madison Another attempt to enrich the Northern businesses and commercial interests Washington signs into law in 1791 Chartered for 20 years Hamilton argued based on “necessary and proper clause” (SEE MCCULLOGH V. MARYLAND - 1819) Hamilton and the National Bank

Opposition and Whiskey Rebellion • Hamilton’s economic policies tended to benefit urban and commercial interests • Southern and Western farmers had little benefit • Excise tax on domestic whiskey • Western Pennsylvanian farmers attacked federal tax collectors • Washington and Hamilton led federal troops & quashed the rebels (Murica!) • Asserted federal authority over lawlessness • Public could denounce and protest laws

Federalist papers The papers were a collection of essays written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison “Publius” explaining how the new government/constitution would work. Their purpose was for New York to ratify the constitution, which it did. Federalist Papers are TO ____________ AS ________________ IS TO ____________ Relating factor: ____________________ New Nation

Washington’s Foreign Policy • Europe • French Revolution alienates U.S. and France • Citizen Genet (1793) • Washington proclaims neutrality • Jay’s Treaty (1796) • Removed British from Northwest forts • Most-favored trade status to Britain • No compensation for lost slaves • Heavily favored Britain, but averted war for U.S. • Treaty of San Lorenzo/Pinckney’s Treaty (1796) • Established boundaries with Spain • Unrestricted trade access on the Mississippi River • Natives • Treaty of Greenville (1795) • After routing Shawnees at Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794) • Formal recognition/cession of Northwest Territory

Washington’s Precedents • Two terms • “Mr. President” • Cabinet • Neutrality • Special Relationship with Great Britain • Farewell Address

Amendments AMENDMENTS are to the Constitution as __________ is to ___________ TO ____________ AS ________________ IS TO ____________ Relating factor: ____________________ New Nation A change to the U.S. Constitution. The first 10 Amendments are known as the Bill of Rights. The U.S. Constitution has been amended 27 times in its 228 year existence.

Washington’s Farewell Address Retired after two terms Preserve treaties and avoid alliances** Condemned political parties and partisan conflicts* Warned of sectionalism and to preserve unity Religion and morality and diffusion of knowledge (education) Washington’s Farewell

Washington’s Farewell Address Washington’s Farewell

Washington’s Farewell Address The Farewell Address is to ____ as ______ is to __________IS TO ___________ AS ________________ IS TO ___factor: ____________________ New Nation 1796 document by Washington, when he retired. It wasn't spoken, but printed in newspapers. It did not concern foreign affairs; most of it was devoted to domestic problems. He stressed we should stay away from permanent alliances with foreign countries; temporary alliances wouldn't be quite as dangerous, but they should be made only in "extraordinary emergencies". also spoke against partisan bitterness.

Federalists National policies Commerce and manufacturing Urban Pro-British Anti-French revolution Elitist and republicanism Northeast Democratic-Republicans Egalitarian and liberalism Agricultural Rural Included small farmers, merchants, artisans Pro-France West and South First Political Party System

Election of 1796 John Adams 1797-1801

Adams and the XYZ Affair • French seizure of American ships • American delegation to France • John Marshall • Elbridge Gerry • Charles Pinckney • Talleyrand • Quasi War (1797-1798) “The Paris Monster”, 1797

XYZ Affair XYZ AFFAIR IS TO ____________ AS ________________ IS TO ____________ Relating factor: ____________________ New Nation 3 American delegates sent to France to negotiate, caused by British and French threatening American shipping, French bribe delegates but US leaves

Adams and the Alien and Sedition Acts • Parameters • Deport or jail foreign citizens believed as threats • Expel foreign residents if considered dangerous • Increase residency requirement • Criticism of government prohibited • Ulterior motive • Democratic-Republican Reaction • Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions • Thomas Jefferson and James Madison • Theory of nullification Matthew Lyon (D-R) and Roger Griswold (F)

Election of 1800 • Political efficacy more than doubled given the increased partisan politics • Dem-Reps gathered increased support as Federalists weakened • Adams lost, but Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr tied • Hamilton secured Federalist support for Jefferson • House elected Jefferson • Smooth transition of leadership signaled the success of the New Republic

Election of 1800

Constitutional Period