A Sustainable Energy Future Presentation to BOMA May 12, 2009

1. A Sustainable Energy Future Presentation to BOMA May 12, 2009

2. Hawaii is Uniquely Dependent on Oil for Electricity U.S. Electricity Generation Hawaii Electricity Generation ~ 80% Hawaii’s electricity is from oil

3. Hawaii is the most petroleum dependent state Petroleum dependence for electricity – top six states

4. Alaska North Slope oil, the basis for the design of our refineries, is no longer available US – Alaska More than 96% of petroleum in Hawaii now comes from foreign sources

5. Hawaii has the highest electricity prices in the U.S.

6. Furthermore … Hawaii’s gasoline prices are among the highest in the United States Hawaii National

7. Economic impact of dependence on expensive energy • Household fuels and utilities costsrose 36.4 percent, year-over-year, in the Honolulu CPI during 2Q’08 • Mainland energy costs are 4% of a state’s Gross Domestic Product; in Hawaii, it approaches 11%, almost 3 times as much • Between 2007 and 2008, State Government consumption of electricity has decreased 1.17%, but expenditures have increased 19.55%

8. Energy Security is also a Priority Hawaii typically has a 14-21 day supply of oil

9. Hawaii’s Wealth of Renewables Molokai (10) Total installed capacity of selected renewables, 2030 Megawatts 350 320 Maui (280) Kauai (100) 70 230 80 80 Cable 1 GW 45 km 30 15 Oahu (1360) Cable 1 GW 25 km 400 100 160 Cable 1 GW 15 km Lanai (10) Hawaii (240) Geothermal Solar 75 300 70 35 120 Pumped Storage Wind (Peak 2030 demand in MW for each island is in parentheses) Source: Team analysis

10. Solar energy: Hawaii sites are rich in solar resources

11. Wind energy: Among the best sites in the nation http://hawaii.gov/dbedt/info/energy/renewable/wind

12. Biomass: Rich tradition of agriculture in Hawaii

13. High temperature geothermal resources are confirmed on the Island of Hawaii, and possible on Maui. Low temperature geothermal resources identified.

14. Superior wave energy on North and Northeast coasts of major islands

15. Contents • Hawaii’s Energy Picture • Hawaii’s Energy Future: 70% Clean Energy by 2030 • A Key Role: Efficiency • Renewable Energy Integration • New Technologies and Systems

16. The Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative was launched onJanuary 28, 2008 with the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding between the State of Hawaii and the U.S. Department of Energy “…the Department of Energy will help Hawaii lead America in utilizing clean, renewable energy technologies.” Governor Lingle “Hawaii’s success will serve as an integrated model and demonstration test bed for the United States and other island communities globally...” Assistant Secretary Karsner

17. Hawaii Clean Energy InitiativeNational Partnership to Accelerate System Transformation The goals are: • Achieve a 70% clean energyeconomy for Hawaii within a generation • Increase Hawaii’s security • Capture economic benefits of clean energyfor all levels of society • Foster and demonstrate innovation • Build the workforce of the future • Serve as a model for the US and the world

18. Hawaii’s transition to an economy powered by clean energy, instead of imported foreign oil In 2004, Hawaii’s RPS included 6% renewables, which would increase only incrementally Range of scenarios under transformational assumptions (i.e., exploiting technical & economic potential) GAP Fundamental systemic transformation is required Percent Renewable Energy Range of scenarios under business as usual assumptions (i.e., attainment of RPS, RFS) …will require a substantive transformation of regulatory, financial, and institutional systems

19. HCEI Scenarios: Analytical Path Toward 70% Clean Energy End-State • First cut at order of magnitude requirements and impacts • Evaluated sensitivity to several factors • No absolutes defined in this evaluation • Most work on electricity, some on transportation, little on jet fuel • Based on current commercially viable technologies; potential game changers like OTEC and algae to energy are not considered • All scenarios are presented without imported biofuels; all scenarios can hit the goals with imported biofuels • Follow-up economic and cost/benefit impacts, refinements in progress.

20. 8 scenarios tested the impact of energy efficiency levels,PHEV penetration, biofuels, and inter-island cabling

21. Summary of results for eight scenarios Example observation: While Scenarios 2 and 6 show similar results, they employ different means. Scenario 2 uses less energy efficiency and requires much more solar capacity; also its ratio of non-dispatchable to dispatchable electricity is 7.4. Scenario 6 relies more on energy efficiency (and is likely to cost less) and has a non-dispatchable to dispatchable ratio of 5.8 Note: All electricity sector numbers are in total installed capacity needed; transportation sector includes only ground transportation.

22. Scenario 8 ElectricityHawaii could reach 70% clean energy in the electricity sector and reduce oil imports by 20 MM bbl/year by 2030 16 14 12 10 8 Million MWh delivered capacity 6 4 2

23. Scenario 8 Transportation High PHEV penetration, local biodiesel and ethanol production 800 700 600 500 Million gallons petroleum fuel avoided 400 300 200 100

24. Contents • Hawaii’s Energy Picture • Hawaii’s Energy Future: 70% Clean Energy by 2030 • A Key Role: Efficiency • Renewable Energy Integration • New Technologies and Systems

25. Negawatt - the cheapest watt of energy is the one never used. • Fastest-growing U.S. energy source (~2.5-3.5%/yr) • Energy efficiency has tremendous potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions • The U.S. Department of Energy estimates that increasing energy efficiency throughout the economy could cut national energy use by 10% or more in 2010 and about 20% in 2020 • A comprehensive set of policies for advancing energy efficiency could lower national energy use by 18 percent in 2010 and 33 percent in 2020. • These policies, along with policies to advance renewable energy, could dramatically lower U.S. carbon dioxide emissions while saving consumers and business $500 billion net during 2000-2020. • Policy Approaches to Advancing Energy Efficiency • Framework – Priorities, benchmarks, mandates • Resources – Fees, funding, financing mechanisms for projects • Green Buildings (72% of electricity consumption) – Codes, standards, energy use labeling

26. Energy efficiency (EE) initiatives are most economical and could drive down overall cost of energy in Hawai’i ANALYSIS BASED ON $60/BBL OIL Abatement cost <$50/ton Hawaii GHG Abatement Curve (Abatement Opportunity : 7.8 MtCO2 and 17.2 MMB) Renewables are more expensive and require scale effects Light Trucks Hybridization Nitrification inhibitors Cost Real 2005 dollars per metric ton CO2e Residential water heaters Flaring Solar CSP Cars Plug-In Hybridization Gas recovery from landfills 150 Light Trucks Plug-In Hybridization Cars Hybridization Forest mgmt. - active mgmt. Heavy Trucks Fuel Economy Packages T&D loss reduction Hydro 100 Intermittent Wind Reduce fouling Conservation tillage Fired/Steam Manage hot feeds 50 Geothermal Process changes 0 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 -20 -50 Potential Megatons/year Combined heat and power Biofuels Biomass Non-refrigerator appliances -100 Electric motor systems -150 Forest mgmt. - reforestation Light Trucks Fuel Economy Packages -200 Commercial water heaters -250 Cars Fuel Economy Packages Refrigerators Composting -300 SWAC Afforestation - pastureland Energy recovery -350 Commercial T8 lighting Heavy Trucks Hybridization Commercial LED -400 Residential general use lighting Dairy cow manure mgmt. Residential electronics Left hand side (most cost efficient) is comprised of energy efficiency initiatives Commercial electronics Commercial HVAC equipment efficiency Medium Trucks Hybridization Solar PV Solar water heaters Afforestation - cropland Source: Team analysis

27. Contents • Hawaii’s Energy Picture • Hawaii’s Energy Future: 70% Clean Energy by 2030 • A Key Role: Efficiency • Renewable Energy Integration • New Technologies and Systems

28. Current Hawaii Grid AnalysisHECO/GE/DOE Public-Private Partnership Big Island Energy Roadmap Evaluate scenarios to identify the performance of various technology approaches to increase the penetration of renewable energy. Maui Grid Study Develop power systems models to understand the economic/performance impacts of wind power & the mitigation technologies needed to increase penetration Maui Grid Modernization Deploy energy storage and DSM technologies to reduce peak load and enable further expansion of renewable energy • Oahu Grid Study • Develop power systems model to understand the economic & performance impacts of wind power. • Kauai Energy Roadmap (Future) • Develop a roadmap for increasing the penetration of renewable energy on the island. • Big Island Energy Storage Demonstration (Future) • Develop business case for energy storage for frequency regulation on the Big Island. • Big Island Energy Roadmap (Future) • Consider additional scenarios (biofuels, microgrid, environmental dispatch)

29. Maui Grid Modernization ($15 million)DOE/MECO/GE Develop an Smart Grid energy mgmt system to: • Reduce peak load by 15% using DG/energy storage, responsive loads (coordinated by the ecodashboard) • Mitigate the impacts of variability from wind power

30. Contents • Hawaii’s Energy Picture • Hawaii’s Energy Future: 70% Clean Energy by 2030 • A Key Role: Efficiency • Renewable Energy Integration • New Technologies and Systems

31. Utilities increasingly see SmartMeter as the first step in theSmart Grid roadmap – 4 pilots in development in Hawaii Smart Grid roadmap 7 - 15 years 3 Future Smart Grid 3 - 7 years 2 Emerging Smart Grid 1 - 3 years • Customer Products and Services • Home automation • Real-time pricing • Grid-to-Vehicle (PHEV) • Vehicle-to-Grid (PHEV) • Utility Operations Benefits • Circuit of the future 1 Automated Metering Infrastructure • Customer Products and Services • Two-way load control • Variety tariff options • Solar performance monitoring • Home energy management system • Utility Operations Benefits • Fault detection isolation and restoration (including switches and line reclosers) • Volt-VAR control • Generation output device • Distributed storage • Backup generation Cumulative benefits • Customer Products and Services • In-home displays • One way load control • Prepayment • Utility Operations Benefits • Meter reading – call center & hourly reads • Integrated connect/disconnect • Outage Management – call center Future applications and design requirements highly uncertain Time • Uncertainty of requirements • Importance of standards Lower Higher SOURCE: McKinsey

32. Hawaii National Marine Renewable Energy Test Center Program Objectives • Objectives: • Facilitate development & implementation of commercial wave energy systems for use in Hawaii and elsewhere • Target – one or more of these system to supply energy to grid at >50% availability within 5 years • Move Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) to pre-commercialization and conduct long-term testing

33. Hawaii National Marine Renewable Energy Test Center Current Test Sites

34. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Using the temperature difference between: DEEP OCEAN WATER ~5°C And SHALLOW OCEAN WATER ~25°C Closed -cycle Warm ocean surface seawater boils a refrigerant liquid at high pressure (130 psi). Refrigerant vapor spins a turbine-generator, becomes low pressure (80 psi). Cold deep ocean seawater condenses refrigerant to a liquid again. Cycle continues -- similar to steam turbine but lower temperature. 33 Makai Ocean Engineering

35. OTEC Challenges: Technical challenges Large diameter and long pipelines Low cost, efficient heat exchangers Large, stable platform and mooring design Dynamic power cable to shore Cost Challenge: Low cost must be achieved with new materials, better engineering, innovative designs, while taking advantage of economy of scale and current offshore technology. 34 Makai Ocean Engineering

36. Hawaii Center for Advanced Transportation Technologies • Develop and demonstrate zero emission and low emission transportation technologies. • Establish infrastructure to support zero emission vehicle operations. • Create business opportunities to attract vehicle technology companies to Hawaii. • Facilitate growth of transportation technology industry in Hawaii. • Secure new funding sources to expand scope of operations in Hawaii. Hawaii Center for Advanced Transportation Technologies 531 Cooke Street, Honolulu, HI 96813 Thomas L. Quinn 808-594-0100 tquinn@htdc.org www.htdc.org/hcatt

37. Hybrid electric-fuel cell bus for Hickam Air Force Base Neighborhood Electric Vehicles Fuel Cell Bus Plug-in Hybrid Electric, Hybrid, and Fuel Cell Vehicles

38. Multiple projects underway on Biorefinery research Advanced Biomass R&D Sugar Platform Sugar Feedstocks Residues Integrated Industrial Biorefineries Combined Heat & Power Fuels, Chemicals, & Materials Biomass Clean Gas Thermochemical Platform Conditioned Gas or Bio-oils Systems Integration

39. Algae to energy Land Nutrients Algal Oil Waste paper Water- Methane Gas Brine & Fresh CO2 Sunlight Strategic Energy Products

40. Hawaii Algae R&D • Objective: Grow algae for energy products • Algal lipids (oil), methane, hydrogen • Major innovation: Non-destructive extraction • Extract lipid from cell without dewatering or killing algae • Recycle algae to ponds • Reduced dewatering, nutrient, CO2 costs • Higher lipid and biomass growth rates • Inputs: CO2 from flue gas, wastewater, wastepaper • Pilot plant in Q1, 2010 • Production by late 2012

41. A Sustainable Energy Future The Discovery Channel Challenge Mahalo!