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Atomic Clocks Physical Seminar - Quantum Optics and Nanophotonics -. Peter Deiml 20.05.2014. Table of contents. Why do we need an exact definition of time? Current time standard Spectroscopy Ramsey-Spectroscopy Caesium beam clock (Laser Cooling) Caesium fountain clock
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Atomic Clocks Physical Seminar - Quantum Optics and Nanophotonics - Peter Deiml 20.05.2014
Table ofcontents • Why do we need an exact definition of time? • Current time standard • Spectroscopy • Ramsey-Spectroscopy • Caesium beam clock • (Laser Cooling) • Caesium fountain clock • Outlook: Optical Clock Quantum Optics and Nanophotonics Atomic Clocks Peter Deiml
Why do weneed an exactdefinitionof time? [Bauch, 2003],[Bauch, 2012] “The accurate measurement of time and frequency is vital to the success of many fields of science and technology.” [Bauch, 2003] • Somescientificexamples: • Other SI-units (e.g. meter) based upon thesecond • Spectrumofatoms(QM,QED) • „Proof“ ofequivalenceprinciple, SR, GR (Hafele-Keating-/ Maryland-experiment) • Gravitationalwaves • Fine structureconstantconstant? • Someeverydayexamples: • Global Positioning System (GPS) • Telecommunication • Supply ofenergy Fig. 2: NAVSTAR satellite [Wiki GPS, 2014] Fig. 1: Hafele, Keating & stewardess aboard airplane with two atomic clocks [Wiki HKE, 2014] Quantum OpticsandNanophotonicsAtomicClocks Peter Deiml
Current time standard Definition of the second (1967) „The secondisthedurationof 9192631770 periodsoftheradiationcorrespondingtothetransitionbetweenthetwohyperfinelevelsofthegroundstateofthecaesium 133 atom“ [BIPD, 2006] • Why atomic properties? • Why the Cs-133 atom? • Why hyperfine levels? • Why exactly 9192631770 periods of the radiation? Fig. 3: Solar system with sun and the nine planets (not true to scale) [SeaSky, 2014] → value equals to ephimerises second Quantum Optics and Nanophotonics Atomic Clocks Peter Deiml
Current time standard Why atomic properties? [Bauch, 2012] „ Zeit [ist] die Stellung des kleinen Zeigers meiner Uhr “ [Einstein, 1905] • Every frame of reference has its own time • Atomic properties determined by natural constants (in rest frame of the atom) Time determinedbynaturalconstants! Fig. 4: Spacetime in special relativity [Wiki SR, 2014] Quantum Optics and Nanophotonics Atomic Clocks Peter Deiml
Current time standard Why the Cs-133 atom? [PTB] • Small thermal velocity due to large mass • (later: Doppler effect → 0) • Technology for measuring the resonance frequency was available in 1967 • The only natural isotope of caesium • Only two hyperfine levels in the ground state • Transition has small natural line width • Small boiling point (670°C) Quantum OpticsandNanophotonicsAtomicClocks Peter Deiml
Current time standard Why hyperfine levels? [Audoin et al., 2005] Quantum number configuration of the outermost electron of Cs-133: • No fine structure (J) • Transition for time standard: F = 3 ↔ F = 4 Fig. 6: Cutting of the hyperfine structure of Cs-133 [Bauch, 2003] Quantum Optics and Nanophotonics Atomic Clocks Peter Deiml
Spectroscopy General idea Investigation of the answer of atoms or molecules to a laserbeam Perfectmethodformeasurementofthesecond • Examples: • Information aboutstructureofstars Fig. 8: Dispersion of white light by a prism [Wiki SpC, 2014] Fig. 7: UVES on the very large telescope on Cerro Paranal (Chile) [Wiki SpC, 2014] • Scientific applications: medicine (MRT), chemistry, biology Quantum Optics and Nanophotonics Atomic Clocks Peter Deiml
Spectroscopy Broadening mechanisms [Meschede, 2007] Natural line width: Fig. 9: spectrum of low-pressure mecury bulb [Wiki NLW, 2014] Doppler effect: Fig. 10: Gauß-Voigt profile with underlying natural line width [Meschede, 2007] Quantum Optics and Nanophotonics Atomic Clocks Peter Deiml 9
Spectroscopy Broadening mechanisms [Meschede, 2007] Time-of-flight (TOF) broadening [Meschede, 2007] Fig. 11: Scheme of spectroscopy experiment [Wiki TOF, 2014] Other broadening mechanisms [Audoin et al., 2006] Quantum Optics and Nanophotonics Atomic Clocks Peter Deiml
Ramsey-Spectroscopy Young‘s double slit (Position space): Fig. 12: Scheme of Young‘s double slit [Wiki YDS, 2014] Fig. 13: Distribution of intensity [Wiki YDS,2014] Quantum Optics and Nanophotonics Atomic Clocks Peter Deiml
Ramsey-Spectroscopy Fig. 15: See frame 11 Fig. 14: Scheme of Ramsey-spectroscopy Quantum Optics and Nanophotonics Atomic Clocks Peter Deiml
Caesium beam clock Caesium beam tube [Bauch, 2003],[Audoin et al., 2006] • Analyzer deflects F = 4 atoms towards detector Fig. 16: Scheme of the magnetically deflected caesium beam tube [Bauch, 2003] Quantum Optics and Nanophotonics Atomic Clocks Peter Deiml
Caesium beam clock The CS2 clock at the Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) Fig. 18: See frame 13 Fig. 17 : Vertical section of the vacuum chamber of PTB‘s primary clock CS2 [Bauch, 2003] Quantum Optics and Nanophotonics Atomic Clocks Peter Deiml
Caesium beam clock Function of Polarizer/Analyzer [Audoin et al., 2006] Fig. 19: Energy of the hyperfine levels via the magentic flux density [Audoin et al., 2006] Quantum Optics and Nanophotonics Atomic Clocks Peter Deiml
Caesium beam clock C field inside the cavity [Riehle, 2004] Fig. 20: See frame 12 Quantum Optics and Nanophotonics Atomic Clocks Peter Deiml
Caesium beam clock Frequency response of a caesium beam tube [Audoin et al., 2006] Fig. 21: Scheme of the resonance of the central part [Bauch, 2003] Quantum OpticsandNanophotonicsAtomicClocks Peter Deiml
Caesium beam clock Frequency response of a caesium beam tube [Audoin et al., 2006] Fig. 22: See frame 17 Quantum OpticsandNanophotonicsAtomicClocks Peter Deiml
Laser cooling [Weyers et al., 1999] Fig. 23: Order of laser beams, their polarisation in an optical molasse [Weyers et al., 1999] Fig. 24: Order of laser beams, their polarisation in a magneto-optical trap [Weyers et al., 1999] Quantum Optics and Nanophotonics Atomic Clocks Peter Deiml
Caesiumfountainclock General structure [Weyers et al., 1999] • Charge of magneto-optical trap • State-selection, Ramsey cavity and C-field analogeously to caesium beam clock • Difference: Preparation of F = 4 atoms • Only one interaction zone is needed • Different detection method with lasers Fig. 25: Simplified setup of the atomic fountain clock [Wynands et al., 2005] Quantum Optics and Nanophotonics Atomic Clocks Peter Deiml
Caesiumfountainclocks Results of caesium fountain clock [Weyers et al., 1999] Figure 21 (CSF1): Fountainclocksmoreprecisethan beam clocks Quantum Optics and Nanophotonics Atomic Clocks Peter Deiml
Outlook Optical clocks Fig. 27: Temporal development of frequency uncertainty [Udem et al.,2009] Optical clocksneedthefrequencycombtechnology Quantum Optics and Nanophotonics Atomic Clocks Peter Deiml
Take-homemessage • Current time standard: • Exactdefinitionisneeded • Definition ofthesecond & itsjustification • Caesium beam/fountainclock: • General setup • Functionalprincipleandtaskof all components • Frequencyresponsesignal • Fountainclockmoreprecisethan beam clock • Spectroscopy: • Methodforrealizationof time standard • Broadeningmechanisms • Optical clocks: • More precisethancaesiumclocks • Frequencycombtechnologyisnessecary • Ramsey-Spectroscopy: • Double slit in time space • Strong analogytoYoung‘s double slit in positionspace Quantum Optics and Nanophotonics Atomic Clocks Peter Deiml
Hallo Thank you for your attention and feel free to ask questions! (after the next presentation ) Quantum Optics and Nanophotonics Atomic Clocks Peter Deiml
Appendix Detectionandmeasurementoftransition [Weyers et al., 1999] • Measurement of flourescence by two detectors (photodiodes) Fig. 20: Scheme of the detection zone [Weyers et al., 1999] Quantum Optics and Nanophotonics Atomic Clocks Peter Deiml
References [Audoin et al., 2006] Audoin C., Guinot B., The measurement of time, Cambridge University Press, 2001 [Bauch, 2003 ] Bauch A., Caesium Atomic Clocks: Function, Performance and Applications, Measurement Science and Technology 14, 1159-1173 (2003) [Bauch, 2012] Bauch A., Zeitmessung in der PTB, PTB Mitteilungen 122, 2012 [Bauch et al., 1998] Bauch A., Fischer B., Heindorff T., Schröder R., Performance of the PTB reconstructed primary clock CS1 and an estimate of ist current uncertainty, Metrologia 35, 829-845, 1998 [BIPD, 2006] Bureau international des poids et mesures, Organisation interfouvernementale de la Convention du Mètre. Le Système international d‘unités, 8e édtion, 2006 [Demtröder, 2005] Demtröder, W., Experimentalphysik 3, Atome, Moleküle und Festkörper, 3. Auflage, Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 2005 [Einstein, 1905] Einstein A., Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper, Annalen der Physik und Chemie. 17, S. 891 – 921, 1905 [Fließbach, 2006] Fließbach T., Allgemeine Relativitätstheorie, Spektrum, 2006 [Meschede, 2007] Meschede D., Optics, Light and Lasers, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, 2007 [PTB 1] Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Wie funktioniert eine Atomuhr? [PTB 2] Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Optische Atomuhren Quantum Optics and Nanophotonics Atomic Clocks Peter Deiml
References [Riehle, 2004] Riehle F. Frequency Standards: Basics and Applications, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, 2006 [Udem et al., 2009] Udem T., Holzwarth R., Hänsch T. W., Femtosecond optical frequency combs, European Journal of Physics – Special Topis 172,69-79, 2009 [Weyers et al., 1999] Weyers S., Griebsch D., Hübner U., Schröder R., Tamm C., Bauch A., Die neue Caesiumfontäne der PTB, PTB-Mitteilungen 109, 483-491, 1999 [Wynands et al., 2005] Wynands R., Weyers S., Atomic fountain clocks, Metrologia 42, 64-79, 2005 Quantum Optics and Nanophotonics Atomic Clocks Peter Deiml
Web references [Wiki SR, 2014] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_relativity, 02.05.2014 [Wiki GPS, 2014] http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System, 02.05.2014 [Wiki SC, 2014] http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahnhofsuhr, 02.05.2014 [Wiki MBD, 2014] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell%E2%80%93Boltzmann_distribution, 02.05.2014 [Wiki SpC, 2014] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy, 02.05.2014 [Wiki NLW, 2014] http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linienbreite, 02.05.2014 [Wiki TOF, 2014] http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flugzeitverbreiterung, 02.05.2014 [Wiki YDS, 2014] http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppelspaltexperiment, 09.05.2014 [SeaSky, 2014] http://www.seasky.org/solar-system/solar-system.html, 18.05.2014 [Spiegel, 2013] http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/technik/zeitmessung-physiker-bauen-zuverlaessigste-uhr-aller-zeiten-a-917409.html, 18.05.2014 Quantum Optics and Nanophotonics Atomic Clocks Peter Deiml