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Chapter 39

Chapter 39 . Nixon’s Presidency and the Stalemate 70’s. The 1970’s. Increasing liberties for women & other minorities Hippie movement fading out New Right – opposition to big government Opposition to nuclear war Environmentalist movement, creation of EPA Economic recession, energy crises.

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Chapter 39

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  1. Chapter 39 Nixon’s Presidency and the Stalemate 70’s

  2. The 1970’s • Increasing liberties for women & other minorities • Hippie movement fading out • New Right – opposition to big government • Opposition to nuclear war • Environmentalist movement, creation of EPA • Economic recession, energy crises

  3. Economic Recession • Causes • Vietnam War • Inflation • Great Society Programs • No tax increase to the American people *Nixon’s response: • Wage and price controls • Take U.S. off gold standard

  4. Nixon’s Platform, 1968 • Almost defeated by Robert F. Kennedy in primary • Promised “peace with honor” in Vietnam • Appealed to “silent majority” or middle class Americans fearful of turbulent society • Crime too high

  5. Nixon’s Response to the Vietnam War • 1969, Vietnamization: Over an extended amount of time, withdraw of 540,000 soldiers out of South Vietnam. • Nixon Doctrine: US would honor existing defense commitments to Asia, however in the future US would stay out of tensions and Asia needs to fight their own wars. • Profile of War: • US 40,000 killed • 250,000 wounded

  6. Continued…….. • Nixon did not seek to end the war. He just tried to find others means to fight it. • Doves were appalled. • Continued protests and aggression resistance to the war continued. • Unfair Draft • Minorities were drafted • White college students exempt

  7. My Lai • 1968 American troops had massacred 500 innocent women and children in Vietnam.

  8. Cambodia • 1970, Nixon orders attack on Cambodia • Without consulting congress bombed Cambodia. • N. Vietnamese sanctuary • Students in the US responded • Kent State • National guard kills four • Jackson State College • Killing 2

  9. Changes • Pentagon Papers, 1971 • Leaked lies about the Tet Offensive, Cambodia bombing, progress of war • Congress withdrew “Blank Check” through War Powers Act, 1973

  10. Nixon’s Détente, 1972 • Goal: Find tolerance between China & Soviet (communist) between each other. • Pressure North Vietnam into peace • Nixon travels to China • 1st president ever to visit • Travels to the Soviet Union to do the same • Détente: Relaxed tension • Agreements: • US sold $750 million of food to USSR • Agreements anti-ballistic missile treaty (limitation) • Negotiations known as SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) • Although the treaty was reached, both sides kept building bombs

  11. Yom Kipper War, 1973 • Arab coalition attacks Israel • Nixon airlifts supplies to Israel • Israel wins • Arab countries form OPEC (Oil and Petroleum Exporting countries) and place an oil embargo on the U.S.

  12. Energy & Economic Crisis, 1973 • OPEC embargo causes a short in oil • Nixon responds to crisis • speed Limit • reinstituting price controls • supports Alaskan Pipeline project

  13. Supreme Court Rulings • Chief Justice Earl Warren • Drastic court decisions for rights: • Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) • Struck down law prohibiting contraceptives “right to privacy” • Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) • All defendants in serious criminal cases entitled to legal counsel, even if they can’t pay for it.

  14. Continued…….. • Engel v. Vitale (1962) • Prohibited required prayer in public school. Separation of church and state. • New York Times v. Sullivan (1964) • Public figures could sue for libel if they could prove “malice” • Miranda v. Arizona (1966) • Rights of the accused • Right to remain silent

  15. Continued……… • Nixon will replace 4 of the 9 Supreme Court Justices, but they do not reverse Civil Rights progress, instead add controversial rulings • Roe v. Wade (1973) • Legalized abortion “right to privacy”

  16. Nixon on the Homefront • Increased $ funding for • Food Stamps • Medicaid • (AFDC) Aid to Families w/Dependent Children • (SSI) Supplemental Security Income • Aging • Blind • Disabled

  17. Environmental Movement • After Rachel Carson’s book, Silent Spring society’s awareness of environmental concerns grow. • Environmental Protection Agency • Occupational and Safety Health Administration • Clean Air Act, 1970 • Endangered Species Act, 1973

  18. Watergate • June 17, 1972 five men were arrested in the Watergate apartment-office complex in Washington D. C. • Arrested for installing “bugs” into the Democratic party’s headquarters. • Men were working for the Republican Committee for the Re-election of the President. (CREEP)

  19. Continued…….. • Just the beginning of a series of “dirty tricks” • Forging documents to discredit the Democrats • Using the IRS to harass innocent citizens named on the White House “enemies list” • Burglarizing the office of the psychiatrist who treated the leaker of the Pentagon Papers

  20. Continued……. • On an unrelated issue, Nixon’s V.P. Agnew resigns for taking bribes as governor of Maryland. • Congressman Gerald Ford assumes as V.P. • Senate committee conducts televised hearings on the Watergate Scandal. • Nixon denies knowing anything. • WH aide reveals secret tapes from Nixon’s office.

  21. Continued……….. • John Dean III, White House lawyer • accused the president of trying to cover up the Watergate break-in • Nixon tries to hide recorded tapes using “executive privilege” • “Saturday Night Massacre” • Nixon’s fires all of his aides that were no longer behind him.

  22. Continued……… • Supreme Court orders “executive privilege” unconstitutional. • Nixon forced to handover tapes • Evidence of Deception: • tapes reveal president giving orders, six days after the Watergate, to use the CIA to hold back an inquiry by the FBI.

  23. Continued…….. • Talk of impeachment • Nixon beats them to the punch and resigns on TV August 8,1974. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZEOGJJ7UKFM

  24. Ford’s Presidency • Continues as president after Nixon resigns. • Immediately grants a pardon to Nixon for any crimes. • Democrats are outraged

  25. Vietnam • 1975 • North Vietnam prevails over South Vietnam and becomes communist. • Overall US toll: • $118 billion spent • 58,000 dead • 300,000 wounded

  26. Feminist Movement • Past generations have laid the foundation of the feminist movement in the 1970’s. • New generation continue to push for equal rights. • Congress passes Title IX • Equal opportunity for girls and women sports.

  27. Continued……….. • ERA: Equal Rights Act: • Later defeated by Nixon, the act would have mandated equal rights in the job force for men and women. • Nixon vetoed proposal to set up nationwide public day care. Justification it would “weaken the family”

  28. Affirmative Action • Remained highly controversial • The act of denying the majority to bring in more minority to even out the playing field. • Education and workplace situations were equally controversial. • Regents of UC Berkley v. Bakke

  29. Ford Loses to a Peanut Farmer • Jimmy Carter wins the presidency after just one term of Ford. • Campaign pitch, “I’ll never lie to you” • Very focused on “human rights” • Involved in Africa and the Middle East • Camp David Accords: Promise of peace between Israel and Egypt. • Returned ownership of the Panama Canal to the Panamanians in the year 2000.

  30. Carter’s Economy • Getting worse from the Nixon and Ford presidencies. • Recession increased • Unemployment increased • Oil prices increased • 1973 Oil Embargo • Inflation increased • High dependency on foreign oil • Carter has no suggestions on how to fix issues.

  31. SALT II • Meeting between Carter and Soviet leader Brezhnev • Limit weapons • No decision was reached

  32. Chapter 40The Resurgence of Conservatism

  33. Election of 1980 • Ronald Reagan • Republican • Ex-actor • Former Governor of California • Financially Conservative • Wanted to limit the size of government • Cut funding to social programs: • Social Security (cut “disabilities” ) • education • Welfare • Food Stamps • Medicaid

  34. Continued……… • Reaganomics – significantly improved the recession of the 70s • Eisenhower’s Trickle Down Theory of stimulating the economy. • Income tax cuts (Economic Recovery Tax Act) • Froze minimum wage • Slashed federal assistance to local governments by 60% • Cut public housing/rent subsidies by 50% * Gap between rich and poor widening

  35. Continued… • Loans from foreign countries = more debt • $997 billion to $2.85 trillion during Reagan’s presidency “Greatest disappointment” • Took a hard stand on labor unions PATCO • Professional Air Traffic Control Org. • Government unions can’t strike, almost 12,000 fired by president • Record peace-time arms build up • 40% increase in defense spending

  36. Homework – Ch. 40 (p. 969-983) • Assassination attempt • Invasion of Grenada • Religious Right – abortion, affirmative action • Libya • Iran-Contra Affair • Revival of Cold War – 1st term • End of Cold War – 2nd term Reagan/ George W. Bush • Strategic Defense Initiative

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