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INTRODUCTON TO LAW-NOTES 2013-2014

INTRODUCTON TO LAW-NOTES 2013-2014. SUMMER SCHOOL LECTURE NOTES. I- LAW&SOCIETY. WHY DO WE NEED ORDER?. SOCİETY AND ORDER. Since with the earliest days of recorded history humans have lived in communities

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INTRODUCTON TO LAW-NOTES 2013-2014

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  1. INTRODUCTON TO LAW-NOTES2013-2014 SUMMER SCHOOL LECTURE NOTES Dr. ÖzlemDöğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. HukukaGiriş 2010

  2. I- LAW&SOCIETY

  3. WHY DO WE NEED ORDER? Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010

  4. SOCİETY AND ORDER • Since withtheearliestdays of recordedhistoryhumanshavelived in communities • Living in societyrequiresordertoregulaterelationsamongstitsmembers. Because: • unregulatedsocial life would be chaos • withoutsomedegree of order, society can not serveitspurposeand can not providesecurityforitsmembers • order, generallyspeaking, is thecondition in whicheverything is in itsrightplaceandfunctioningproperly Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010

  5. WHAT İS THE AİM OF THE “ORDER”? Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010

  6. AİM OF THE “ORDER” • To regulateattituteandbehaviour of individualsagainstotherindividualsandsociety • To regulateattituteandbehaviour of societyagainstindividuals • To constitute an equilibriumbetweenconflict of interests Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010

  7. SOCİETY AND ORDER CONTİNUE… • Order, • on theonehandgivesfreedom, • on theotherhandlimitsthefreedom. • But themostimportantpoint is toconstitute an equilibriumbetweenindividualinterestandsocialinterest Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010

  8. WHAT İS “ORDER” AS A LEGAL CONCEPT? Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010

  9. DEFİNİTİON OF “ORDER” • As a legal concept,order, is the body of laws, rules, regulationsandcustomsthatapplytotherelationsbetweenthemembers of a certainsociety. Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010

  10. RULES REGULATİNG THE SOCİETY • Composed of • Legal Orders (Hukuk Kuralları) • Moral Rules (Ahlâk Kuralları) • ReligiousRules (Din Kuralları) • Rules of GoodManners (görgü kuralları) Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010

  11. LEGAL ORDER OR LAW • Definition: Allrulesandprinciplesthatregulateand limit theconduct of individuals in a society, Order, that is composed of legal rulesandbygovermentagency Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010

  12. LEGAL ORDER CONTİNUE • Themostimportantandeffectiveorder, thatregulatesthesociety • Regulatesattituteandbehaviour in thesocietyandenforcement of legal rulesrealisedthroughState. Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010

  13. LEGAL ORDER CONTİNUE • Theaim of thelegal order is toensurethesocialorder. • Any problem in the legal order, affectsthesocialorder. • Legal order, brieflyensures: • Peace • Confidence • Equality • Freedom Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010

  14. CONCEPT OF LAW AND RİGHT • In daily life the word of “law” is used : • All of the legal rulesthat is in force in thecertaincountry in thecertain time (positivelaw) • Sometimes it is usedtoexplaintherules in specificareas. ExampleCriminalLaw • Also it is usedtodifferentiatesomecasesorCourts. Example: Civilcase, civilcourt, criminalcourt. Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010

  15. CONCEPT OF LAW AND RİGHT CONTİNUE… • Theword of “ right” means: • Competencethat is givenbylaw. Accordingtoitsnature it is calledprivaterights, fundamentalrights. • Briefly: • Lawmeans “rule” • Right means competence Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010

  16. WHAT İS “LAW”? Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010

  17. DEFİNİTİON OF LAW • Juristsstilllookforthedefinition of “law” • Lawmeans: • rulesthatregulatessocietyandareenforcedbyState • Law- positivelaw& naturallaw • positivelaw: lawthat is in force • Naturallaw: Ideallaw • EquityLaw: tosoften of thepositivelaw- Example: EnglishLaw. (OurcivilCodeArticle:4) Juristsdecideaccordingtopositivelaw. Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010

  18. OTHER RULES REGULATİNG SOCİETY • Moral Rules (Ahlâk kuralları) • ReligiousRules (Din Kuralları) • Rules of GoodManners (görgü kuralları) Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010

  19. DİFFERENT LEGAL SYSTEMS • Everynation has her owndomestic (national) lawwhich is differentfromothers • Today, in theWorldthere is abouttwohundrednationalsystems. • But generally, therearefourmaingroups. Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010

  20. WHAT ARE THESE MAİN LAW SYSTEMS? Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010

  21. DİFFERENT LEGAL SYSTEMS Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010

  22. CIVIL LAW • Roman Law • Roman Lawwasthelawthatwas in effectthroughouttheage of antiquity in theCity of Romeandlater in theterritories of Roman Empire • The Roman rulesbecamewrittenthroughtheefforts of EmperorJustinianus (calledCorpusIurisCivilis) • Intheeleventhcentury in Italy, Roman lawstarted a “new life” in thehands of ItalienProfessors of law of whotaughtstudentscomingfromvariousparts of Europe (Itshould be notedthat in thisprocess, Roman ruleswereamendedtosuitthedomesticconditionsandsometimesamalgatedwithexistingtraditionalrules) Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010

  23. CIVIL LAW CONTİNUE… • Inthissystem, at thebeginingthepurpose of lawsystemtoregulatetheaffairsbetweencitizens • That’swhyCivilLaw (Medeni Hukuk) is at core of thelawsystem • Otherbranches of law, developedundertheinfluence of privatelaw • Inthissystemlawdividedtwoparts: PrivateLaw & PublicLaw • Privatelawregulatesaffairsbetweenprivateparties • PublicLawregulatesgovernmentaffairsbetweenpublicbodiesandindividuals Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010

  24. WHİCH COUNTRİES APPLY CİVİL LAW SYSTEM? EXAMPLES? Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010

  25. CİVİL LAW SYSTEM COUNTRİES-EXAMPLES • ContinentalEurope • Latin AmericanCountries • Japon Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010

  26. COMMON LAW • Developedbyjudges (on a casebycasebasis) • Principlesandconceptsbased on “judgement of court” • Development of “equity law” • Imperfections of thesystemtoleratebylegislationcalled “statutelaw” Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010

  27. WHİCH COUNTRİES APPLY COMMON LAW SYSTEM? EXAMPLES? Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010

  28. THE COMMON LAW SYSTEM COUNTRİES-EXAMPLES • CompriseEnglish-speakingworldandterritories • United States (however in LousianaandsomeextentTexasand California, the “Civilian” traditions has influedthesystem.Becausethesestateswerefaoundedbypeople of FrenchandSpanishorigin.) • England • Australia • New Zealand Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010

  29. ISLAMIC LAW • Sources of Islamiclaw is • “Quran” • attitudeandstatement of prophet(called “hadith-hadis”) • RulescompoundedbyIslamicScholars • Comparision (Kıyas) • Applied in IslamicCountries • Based on religiousprinciples • Called as “ilm-i fıkıh” Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010

  30. SOCIALİST LAW • Applied in Cuba, North Korea Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010

  31. WHAT ABOUT TURKEY? WHİCH LEGAL SYSTEM İS APPLİED İN TURKEY? Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010

  32. TURKISH LAW SYSTEM • In Turkey, until 1926, Islamiclawapplied. • Fromthebeginning of 1926 withadoption of CodeCivil, TurkishLawSystem is CivilLawsystem • AndTurkishLawSystembased on PrivateLaw, PublicLawdivison Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu Işıksungur Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş. Hukuka Giriş 2010

  33. MORAL LAW

  34. MORAL ORDER(RULE) • Alsocalledethics • Definition: Principlesorstandartsconcerningrightorwrongconduct • Example: to be honest, not totelllies • Define theprinciples, standarts, andideaswhichapplywhenjudginghumanconduct • “normativescience”--- it is concernedwithnormsandstandartswithwhatoughtto be • Ineverysocietythereexistcertain general moral principles,theseprinciplesimpliesthat a person’sconductorcharacter is in conformitywiththegenerallyacceptedstandarts of goodnessorrightness Dr.Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay, R. Introduction to Law, 2011; Gözübüyük, Ş. Hukuka Giriş, 2010

  35. RELATİONS BETWEEN MORAL AND LEGAL RULES • Theyareconcernedwithhumanconduct. • Definition of law • Allrulesandprinciplesthatregulateand limit theconduct of individuals in a society • Definition of ethics • Principlesorstandartsconcerningrightorwrongconduct • Someactionsarebothprohibitedbyboth • Example: • Murder • Theft • Defamation (Hakaret) Dr.Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay, R. Introduction to Law, 2011; Gözübüyük, Ş. Hukuka Giriş, 2010

  36. RELATİONS BETWEEN MORAL AND LEGAL RULES- EXAMPLES • EXAMPLE 1: To rescue a personinjured in an accident • Moral duty • Legal duty- Article 98 of TurkishCriminalCode (Türk Ceza Kanunu) • ARTICLE 98-(1) Any person who fails to render assistance to an old, disabled or injured person at the extent of his ability, or fails to notify the concerned authorities in time, is punished with imprisonment up to one year or punitive fine. • (2) In case of death of a person due to failure in rendering assistance or notification of concerned authorities, the person responsible is sentenced to imprisonment from one year to three years. • MADDE 98 - (1) Yaşı, hastalığı veya yaralanması dolayısıyla ya da başka herhangi bir nedenle kendini idare edemeyecek durumda olan kimseye hâl ve koşulların elverdiği ölçüde yardım etmeyen ya da durumu derhâl ilgili makamlara bildirmeyen kişi, bir yıla kadar hapis veya adlî para cezası ile cezalandırılır. • (2) Yardım veya bildirim yükümlülüğünün yerine getirilmemesi dolayısıyla kişinin ölmesi durumunda, bir yıldan üç yıla kadar hapis cezasına hükmolunur. • AccordingtoabovementionedArticlefailuretoprovidesuchassistancewouldconstitute a criminaloffencepunishablebyimprisonment (hapis cezası) or a fine (para cezası) Dr.Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay, R. Introduction to Law, 2011; Gözübüyük, Ş. Hukuka Giriş, 2010

  37. RELATİONS BETWEEN MORAL AND LEGAL RULES- EXAMPLES • EXAMPLE 2: GoodFaith (Dürüstlük-Objektif İyi Niyet) • A moral principle • Fundamentalprinciple of lawbyCivilCode • Lawmakesdirectreferenceto moral • Article 2 of theTurkishCivilCode (Türk Medeni Kanunu) • Article 2: Everyperson is boundtoexercise his rightsandfulfill his obligationsaccordingtotheprinciples of goodfaith. • Madde 2: Herkes haklarını kullanırken ve borçlarını yerine getirirken dürüstlük kuralına uymak zorundadır Dr.Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay, R. Introduction to Law, 2011; Gözübüyük, Ş. Hukuka Giriş, 2010

  38. RELATIONS BETWEEN MORAL AND LEGAL RULES- EXAMPLES • EXAMPLE 3: Assistanceduty of familymemberstoeachother • Moral rule • Legal rule • Article 364 of CivilCode • Article 364: Allpersonsareboundtocontributetowardsthemaintenance of theirascendantsanddescendants in thedirectline as well as of theirbrothersandsisters, wherewithoutsuchassistancetheywouldbecamedestitute. • ascendantsanddescendants: üstsoy ve altsoy • Madde 364: Herkes yardım etmediği takdirde yoksulluğa düşecek olan üstsoyu ve altsoyu ile kardeşlerine nafaka vermekle yükümlüdür. Dr.Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay, R. Introduction to Law, 2011; Gözübüyük, Ş. Hukuka Giriş, 2010

  39. RELATIONS BETWEEN MORAL AND LEGAL RULES- EXAMPLES • EXAMPLE 4: Contradictiontogoodmorals (Ahlakâ- adaba aykırılık) • Lawrefersto moral • Article of 20 of theCode of Obligations (818) • Article 20: “Contractswhicharecontrarytogoodmoralsarevoid.” • Void: hükümsüz- batıl • Madde 20: Bir akdin mevzuu gayri mümkün veya gayri muhik yahut ahlâka (âdaba) mugayir olursa o akit bâtıldır • Thiskind of contractshave no legal effect Dr.Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay, R. Introduction to Law, 2011; Gözübüyük, Ş. Hukuka Giriş, 2010

  40. RELATİONS BETWEEN MORAL AND LEGAL RULES- EXAMPLES • EXAMPLE 5: Takinggoodcare of spouseto his/her step-children • Moral duty • Legal duty • Moral duty is turnedinto legal obligation • Article 338 of TurkishCivilCode “Spouses are also obliged to care and show attention to their minor stepchildren. The other spouse helps the spouse who holds the custody of his/her own child as appropriate, and represents the child for his/her needs to the extent situations and conditions require.” Madde 338: “Eşler, ergin olmayan üvey çocuklarına da özen ve ilgi göstermekle yükümlüdürler.Kendi çocuğu üzerinde velayeti kullanan eşe diğer eş uygun bir şekilde yardımcı olur; durum ve koşullar zorunlu kıldığı ölçüde çocuğun ihtiyaçları için onu temsil eder.” Dr.Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay, R. Introduction to Law, 2011; Gözübüyük, Ş. Hukuka Giriş, 2010

  41. RELATİONS BETWEEN MORAL AND LEGAL RULES- EXAMPLES • EXAMPLE 6: Contract to testify (şahitlik yapmak) falsely in court • Void in terms of moral law- contradictiontogoodmorals • Void in terms of law---- constitutescriminaloffence (suç) • IMPORTANT! • An immoral contract is not alwaysconstitutescriminaloffence but thesekind of contractsrenderedvoidandunenforceable. The entire contract is invalid Dr.Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay, R. Introduction to Law, 2011; Gözübüyük, Ş. Hukuka Giriş, 2010

  42. RELIGIOUS RULES- RULES OF GOOD MANNER

  43. RELIGIOUS ORDER • Relationshipbetweenlawandreligion • In modern system- secularconcept • Inancientagesreligiousrulesincluded moral and legal rules • Interrelation- law, moralty&religion Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş.Hukuka Giriş 2010

  44. RELIGIOUS ORDER • Religion • is belief in a divine (ilahi) orsuperhumanpowerorpowers, to be obeyedandworshipped (ibadet etmek) as a creatorandruler of theuniverse • one of thethesocialinstitutionswhichregulatehumanrelations ( byestablishingrules- limit andregulaterelationsbetweenpeople in society) Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş.Hukuka Giriş 2010

  45. NATURE OF RELIGIOUS RULES • Integration of lawandreligion- theocraticstate • religiousrulesaredirectlyappliedtowordlyaffairs • Organisation of thestaterests on thewill of God -Inotherwordslawexpressesthewill of God • Hardly be altered(changed) (withoutcommiting sin)- whataboutdynamicnature of “law”? –dependinguponthepoliticalvaluesandchangingneeds of society • Whathappens legal ruleshave a religiousnature? Theneeds of society • Industrialdevelopment-rules on industrialrelations( regulation of workinghours, minimum wage, righttostrike) • New inventions- radio, television,internet Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş.Hukuka Giriş 2010

  46. SEPERATION OF LAW FROM RELIGION-TURKEY EXAMPLE • Seperation of lawfromreligion is called “secularism” • Statereligion of theOttomanEmpirewasIslam- (Inwritten in thefirstwrittenConstitution of Empire-1876-Kanuni Esasi) • Sultan –protector of Islamand he is called as Caliph(Halife) • 20 January 1921- thefirstconstitutionpromulgated (yürürlüğe konmak-ilan edilmek)bytheNationalAssembly. • 20 April 1924- secondConstitution, statereligion is Islam Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş.Hukuka Giriş 2010

  47. THE PLACE OF RELIGION IN TURKISH LAW • Religion as a socialinstitution is amongtheareasregulatedbylaw • Withtheintroduction of secularism, religionceasedto be an institutionanddoctrineshapingthe structure of theStateandits legal system. • Religiousbeliefs of citizensarebasiclibertiesprotectedbylaw • Article 115 of TurkishCriminalCode- Freedom of belief • Anypersonwhoprohibitsorinterfereswiththeperfomance of theservices,ritesorceremonies of anyreligionshall be punishedbyimprisonmentforonetothreeyears- (Madde 115- Cebir veya tehdit kullanarak, bir kimseyi dini, siyasi, sosyal, felsefi inanç, düşünce ve kanaatlerini açıklamaya veya değiştirmeye zorlayan ya da bunları açıklamaktan, yaymaktan meneden kişi, bir yıldan üç yıla kadar hapis cezası ile cezalandırılır.) • Article 341 of TurkishCivilCode “Parents shall have the right to decide on the child's religious education. Any agreement restricting this right of the parents shall be invalid. A major shallbe free to choose his/her religion”. (Çocuğun dini eğitimini belirleme hakkı ana ve babaya aittir. Ana ve babayı bu konudaki sınırlayacak her türlü sözleşme geçersizdir.Ergin dinini seçmekte özgürdür) Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş.Hukuka Giriş 2010

  48. THE PLACE OF RELİGİON İN TURKİSH LAW • Constitutionprohibitstheexploitationandabuse of religionandreligioussentimentsforpoliticalorpersonalgain (ConstitutionalCourt has rightto ban anypoliticalpartyforactsandactionsagainstthisprohibition- Law of PoliticalParties) • Exploitation- sömürü • Sentiment- düşünce, fikir • Office of ReligiousAffairs is constitutional organ of theTurkishState- (ConstitutionArticle 136) requiredtofunctionaccordingtotheprinciple of secularism Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş.Hukuka Giriş 2010

  49. RULES OF GOOD MANNERS • Tablemanners, formalinvitation • Embodytheformsandmannersestablishedbyconvention as acceptableorevenrequired in a “polite” society • convention: herkesçe kabul edilen uygulama • Membershipto a club, profession • Applymainlydaily life andrequiredconformitytoacceptedstandarts of properbehaviour • Widelyapplicapletorelations in thesociety • Inprincipletheyare not legal rulesandtheyare not enforcedbylaw, BUT • in somecasestheymay be part of legal system • example: saluting a superiorofficer in themilitary Dr. Özlem Döğerlioğlu IŞIKSUNGUR Source: Aybay,R. Introduction to Law 2011; Gözübüyük,Ş.Hukuka Giriş 2010

  50. SANCTIONS

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