The Path to The U.S. Civil War

1. The Path to The U.S. Civil War Goals 3.01 & 3.02

2. Objective 3.01: Trace the economic, social, and political events from the Mexican War to the outbreak of the Civil War. • Essential Questions: • How did the issues of sectionalism lead to the Civil War? • How did political, economic, and social differences develop into the sectionalism that split the North and the South? • To what extent did differing opinions on slavery as well as the institution’s expansion become a deciding factor in instituting a Civil War?

3. The Missouri Compromise • 1820 • Pushed through Congress by Henry Clay • Admitted Missouri as a slave state, but balanced by admitting Maine as a free state • Also banned slavery in future states north of Missouri’s southern border, but allowed slavery south of that line

4. John Tyler • 1790 – 1862 • 10th President (1841-45) • Became president after William Henry Harrison died in office • Virginian, slave-owner • 1st president have impeachment proceedings against him • Changed political parties multiple times – a Democratic-Republican, then a National Republican, then a Democrat, then a Whig, then back to being a Democrat

5. James K. Polk • 1795 – 1849 • 11th President (1845-49) • Democrat, Southerner, slave-owner • Expanded US through addition of Texas, Mexican War, and negotiations with Britain for control of the Oregon Territory • Established a national treasury, lowered tariffs • Opened the USNA and Smithsonian

6. Mexican/American War • 1846 – 1848 • US annexed Texas in 1845, as a slave state • After defeating Mexico, US added California and desert Southwest – but would they be free or slave territories?

7. The Wilmot Proviso & Calhoun Resolutions • Wilmot Proviso proposed in 1846 by Rep. David Wilmot of PA – proposed a complete ban on slavery in any new territories US might acquire from Mexico • Sen. John C. Calhoun of SC countered that the states own US territories in common and Congress holds no authority to ban slavery in the territories • US Senate refused to vote on Wilmot Proviso

8. Calhoun on slavery Slavery was not an “evil institution”, but rather a “positive one” because it introduced Christianity to the slaves and ensured that they would be cared for

9. Popular Sovereignty • Proposed by Sen. Lewis Cass of Michigan • Citizens of each new territory should be allowed to decide for themselves on whether to allow slavery there • Idea became popular because it prevented Congress from having to make a decision

10. The wiggling whigs… Split in the Whig Party Rise of the Free Soil Party After pro-slavery Zachary Taylor became the Whig nominee for president in 1848, Conscience Whigs quit the Whig Party and joined themselves with northern anti-slavery Democrats This new party was called the Free Soil Party (they opposed expanding slavery to the “free soil” of the West). • Slavery divided northern Whigs into the “Conscience Whigs” who opposed slavery and the “Cotton Whigs” who supported slavery because Southern cotton fed their northern textile factories

12. Election of 1848 • Democratic candidate Lewis Cass promoted popular sovereignty and promised to veto the Wilmot Proviso if passed • Free Soil candidate Martin Van Buren supported a complete ban on slavery in the West • Whig candidate Zachary Taylor was a moderate

13. Zachary Taylor • 1784 – 1850 • 12th President (1849–50) • “Old Rough and Ready” • Slave owner, but believed slavery wouldn’t work in the West because of the climate • Hero of the Mexican War, never held an elected office before president • Died in office

14. Millard Fillmore • 1800 – 1874 • 13th President (1850-53) • Whig (later a Know-Nothing) • Anti-slavery, but believed that it was necessary to allow it to keep South happy and the Union whole • Endorsed the Compromise of 1850 and signed it into law • Sent Perry to open trade with Japan • Refused to support Southern efforts to annex Cuba • Not nominated by Whigs in 1852

15. Compromise of 1850 • 5 separate bills pushed through Congress by Clay and Webster over the opposition of Calhoun: • California admitted as a free state • Slave trade (but not slave ownership) was banned in Washington D.C. • New Mexico Territory and Utah Territory were created and would decide slavery issue under popular sovereignty • Texas was paid $10 million in return for giving up its claims to lands in the New Mexico Territory • The Fugitive Slave Act

17. Fugitive Slave Act • Law enforcement anywhere in the US were obligated to arrest runaway slaves and return them to their owners • Anyone harboring a fugitive slave or refusing to help apprehend one was subject to fine and prison • Slaves were identified solely by the word of their owner or their representative and received no trial • As a result, any free black was in danger – all it took was a claim that they were a runaway and they were arrested and turned over!

18. Uncle Tom’s Cabin • Novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe that brought the suffering of slaves to life for many readers and helped swell the abolitionist ranks • Published in 1852, written in direct response to the Fugitive Slave Act • Sold 300,000 copies in first year

19. Underground Railroad • Organized network of individuals who helped hide and move runaway slaves north • Moved thousands of slaves to freedom in Canada • These people risked imprisonment to help slaves escape

20. Harriet Tubman • 1820 – 1913 • Escaped slave who risked herself by returning to the South over and over to guide runaways along the Underground Railroad, despite being an epileptic • Later worked as a spy for the Union Army during the Civil War and as a women’s rights activist

21. Calhoun, Clay, & Webster Die 1850 Summer 1852 Fall 1852

22. Franklin Pierce • 1804 – 1869 • 14th President (1853-1857) • Democrat • Ostend Manifesto-Supported acquisition of Cuba from Spain, but his ministers sent to broker a deal created a scandal when they threatened Spain with force if they refused to sell Cuba • Was not nominated for a second term by his party in 1856

23. Kansas-Nebraska Act • 1854 • Created two new territories out of the Great Plains – Kansas and Nebraska • Repealed the Missouri Compromise and allowed the 2 new territories to exercise popular sovereignty on the issue of slavery

24. “Bleeding Kansas” • Settlers moving into Kansas from Missouri brought their slaves • New England Emigrant Aid Company began organizing and equipping northern settlers to move to Kansas and oppose slavery • Both sides were armed and willing to fight and periods of violence ensued

25. Stephen A. Douglas • 1813 – 1861 • Senator from Illinois nicknamed the “Little Giant” • Helped draft the Compromise of 1850 and was the author of the Kansas-Nebraska Act • Strong believer in democracy and the will of the people – so he supported the idea of popular sovereignty

26. Andrew P. Butler • 1796 – 1857 • Senator from SC • Co-author of the Kansas-Nebraska Act • Strong, outspoken supporter of slavery • Verbally trashed in the Senate in 1856 by Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts for his support of slavery

27. Charles Sumner • 1811 – 1874 • Senator from MA • Opposed the Fugitive Slave and Kansas-Nebraska Acts • Delivered his 3-hour “Crime Against Kansas” speech in May 1856, which made personal attacks against Sen. Butler including making fun of his speech which had been impaired from a stroke

28. Preston Brooks • 1819 – 1857 • Rep. from SC • Nephew of Andrew Butler • Decided to act to defend the honor of his disabled uncle and that of SC • First considered challenging Sumner to a duel but decided that was too much of an honor for Sumner

29. Sumner-Brooks Incident • May 22, 1856 • Brooks attacked Sumner with a cane on the floor of the Senate, savagely beating him until the cane broke • Sumner took 3 years to recover from his injuries • Dozens of proud Southerners sent Brooks new canes in support

30. The Republican Party • Founded in 1854 by a mixture of former Whigs, Free Soilers, and anti-slavery Democrats • Direct response to the Kansas-Nebraska Act • Number one goal became to contain the spread of slavery to the South and not allow it to spread to new states or territories

31. Know-Nothings • The American Party • Nativist party that opposed immigration and was fiercely anti-Catholic • Initially successful, but short-lived since its members were divided over slavery

32. Election of 1856 • Republicans nominated explorer John C. Fremont • Democrats nominated career politician and moderate James Buchanan • Know-Nothings nominated former president Millard Fillmore

33. James Buchanan • 1791 – 1868 • 15th President (1857-61) • Only unmarried President • Believed that South could only be kept in the Union through concessions and compromise, but this infuriated Northern supporters • Failed to successfully deal with increasingly violent sectionalism

34. Dred Scott • 1799 – 1858 • Slave who sued for freedom on the grounds that his master had carried him into states and territories where slavery was illegal • Given freedom by his owner in 1857 after Dred Scott lost his case in the Supreme Court

35. Dred Scott Decision • 1857 • DredScott v. Sandford • Southerner-dominated Supreme Court under Chief Justice Roger Taney ruled that since persons of African ancestry were not citizens of the US but were instead private property, they were not protected by US laws and could not sue in US courts • Court also overturned the Missouri Compromise as unconstitutional – ruled that Congress could not pass laws that denied citizens their right to private property (slaves) without “due process” (5th Amendment)

36. Kansas & the Lecompton Constitution • Buchanan encouraged Kansas to apply for statehood to decide the slavery issue there and end the violence • Constitutional Convention was called in the territory’s capital of Lecompton, but was boycotted by abolition supporters as “rigged” • Result was a state constitution that allowed slavery in Kansas • Congress refused to admit Kansas under the Lecompton constitution in 1858 – Kansas not a state until 1861

38. Lincoln-Douglas Debates • 1858 • Republicans ran Abraham Lincoln against Democrat Stephen Douglas for Senate in Illinois • The 2 men participated in a series of public debates centered on slavery • Lincoln opposed the spread of slavery, Douglas promoted popular sovereignty • Douglas argued the Freeport Doctrine – that the Dred Scott decision was correct, but that states wanting to keep slavery out had only to refuse to pass laws needed to enforce slavery • Douglas won re-election, but Lincoln won national attention for himself & the Republicans

39. John Brown • 1800 – 1859 • Businessman who experienced bankruptcy, the death of his wife and a number of his children before becoming an ardent abolitionist • Moved to Kansas in 1856 and participated in the murder of 5 pro-slavery settlers (The Pottawatomie Massacre) and the more organized fighting between abolitionist and pro-slavery forces • When fighting died down in Kansas, Brown returned east

40. John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry • Oct. 16-18, 1859 • Brown mounted an attack on the federal armory at Harper’s Ferry, VA in an effort to seize weapons with which to arm slaves and start a rebellion • Brown took the armory, but slaves did not rebel and no support came • Brown’s forces were defeated by US Marines led by Col. Robert E. Lee and Brown was captured, tried and hung for treason

41. South turns against Republicans • After John Brown’s Raid, Southerners became convinced that abolitionists were determined to destroy the Southern way of life • Republican Party was closely tied to the abolitionist cause • Southern leaders vowed that they would rather dissolve the Union than tolerate a Republican-led government

42. Election of 1860 • Democratic Party Split • Northern Democrats who favored popular sovereignty nominated Stephen Douglas • Southern Democrats who demanded federal protection of slavery nominated John Breckinridge • Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln • Former Whigs created the Constitutional Party which argued that the Union could still be preserved through upholding the Constitution

43. Abraham Lincoln • 1809 – 1865 • 16th President (1861-65) • Republican • His election would prompt the South to secede; Lincoln would have to decide whether to let them leave the US or to fight to force them to stay – chose to fight • The fight would be The Civil War • Assassinated in 1865

44. South Carolina Secedes • Dec. 20, 1860 • President Buchanan (Lincoln had been elected but not inaugurated) declared secession to be illegal but refused to use military force to stop it • US forces in SC retreated to Ft. Sumter in Charleston Harbor • SC was followed by Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas

45. Crittenden’s Compromise • Sen. John Crittenden of Kentucky proposed amending the US Constitution to forever guarantee slavery where it already existed, and reinstating the Missouri Compromise line • Republicans refused

46. The Confederate States of America NOT THIS ----- • -----THIS

47. Jefferson Davis • Feb. 1861: Secessionist states declared themselves to be an independent nation, the Confederate States of America • Wrote a new constitution and elected former Mississippi senator Jefferson Davis as President

48. Ft. Sumter • April 1861: Lincoln announces that he intends to reinforce Ft. Sumter, Charleston SC • South demanded that Ft. Sumter surrender; when the fort refused, it was bombarded with cannon-fire for 33 hours (official start of Civil War) • April 13, 1861: Ft. Sumter surrendered to South, start of Civil War

49. Upper South Secedes • Lincoln began to build an army to fight the South • This prompted states of the “Upper South” to secede in support of the Confederacy • Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, & Tennessee leave the Union

50. The Border States Must Decide • Lincoln needed the remaining 4 slave states (Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri) to stay in the Union • Delaware committed to the North • Lincoln imposed martial law in Maryland • Kentucky sided with North after Confederate forces invaded the state • Missouri voted to stay with North • West Virginia is formed