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Routing Protocols and Concepts

Understand static routing, router roles, best path selection, and interface configuration in a network. Learn about WAN connections, Ethernet interfaces, and troubleshooting static routes.

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Routing Protocols and Concepts

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  1. Routing Protocols and Concepts Static Routing Chapter 2 Modified by Pete Brierley

  2. Objektif • Perananumum router dalamrangkaian. • Rangkaianbersambungsecaralangsung, antaramukarouter yang berbeza • Rangkaianbersambungsecaralangsungdalamjadualroutingdanmenggunakanprotokol CDP • LaluanStatik (Static routes) denganantaramukakeluar(exit interfaces) • RingkasandanLaluanlalai(default route) • Bagaimanapaketdihantar(forwarded) apabilamenggunakanlaluanstatik(static routes) • Mengurusdanmenyelesaikanmasalahlaluanstatik

  3. Peranan Umum Router • Fungsi Router Pemilihan laluan terbaik (Best Path) Forwarding paket • Topologi Tiga router siri 1800 - pautan WAN PC to switch to Router

  4. Peranan Router • Penyambungan Router membentuk satu WAN -port DB-60 menyokong 5 kabel standard yang berbeza • Penyambungan Router untuk Ethernet -Dua jenis penyambung: Straight dan Cross-over • Straight: (unlike – OSI layers) -Switch-to-Router, Switch-to-PC, Router-to-Server, Hub-to-PC, Hub-to-Server • Cross-over: (like to like – OSI layers) -Switch-to-Switch, PC-to-PC, Switch-to-Hub, Hub-to-Hub, Router-to-Router

  5. Antaramuka (Interfaces) • Pemeriksaan Antaramuka Router -Show IP router – untuk melihat routing table -Show Interfaces – status antaramuka (interface) -Show IP Interface brief – view limited interface information -Show running-config – configuration file in RAM -Show start-up-config – configuration file in NVRAM

  6. Antaramuka (Interfaces) KonfigurasiantaramukaEthernet - SecaraLalai(By default) semuaantaramuka Ethernet dan serial adalahadministrativelydown -Untukmembolehkan penggunaan antara muka, gunakan arahan- No Shutdown

  7. Antaramuka (Interfaces) • PengesahanantaramukaEthernet -Show ip interface brief - Show interfaces fastEthernet 0/0 – status bagi port Ethernet - Show running-config • Antaramuka Ethernet terlibatdalam ARP

  8. Antaramuka (Interfaces) • Konfigurasi Antaramuka Serial – Masuk kepada: - interface configuration mode - Alamat IP dan subnet mask - no shutdown • Contoh: -R1(config)#interface serial 0/0 -R1(config-if)#ip address 172.16.2.1 255.255.255.0 -R1(config-if)#no shutdown

  9. Antaramuka (Interfaces) • Pemeriksaan fizikal Antaramuka Router -Sambungan WAN mempertimbangkan kedua-dua hujung litar: • Data Circuit-terminating Equipment (DCE) – Pembekal perkhidmatan (The service provider). CSU/DSU adalah peranti DCE. • Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) –Router

  10. Antaramuka (Interfaces) • Konfigurasi sambungan/pautan serial • Satu hujung sambungan bersiri adalah DCE • Memerlukan isyarat rakaman waktu (clocking signal) • Contoh: -R1(config)#interface serial 0/0 -R1(config-if)#clockrate 64000

  11. Jadual Routing (Routing Table) dan Protokol CDP (CDP Protocol) • Arahandebug ip routing • Melihatperubahan yang dilaksanakanoleh router semasamenambahataumembuanglaluan(route) • Contoh: -R2#debug ip routing -IP routing debugging is on Untukmenghapuskan\membuangDebug: -R2#u all

  12. Jadual Routing (Routing Table) dan Protokol CDP (CDP Protocol) • Untuk mengkonfigurasi antaramukaEthernet • Contoh: -R2(config)#interface fastethernet 0/0 -R2(config-if)#ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0 -R2(config-if)#no shutdown

  13. Jadual Routing (Routing Table) dan Protokol CDP (CDP Protocol) Apabila router hanya mempunyai antara muka yang dikonfigurasi dan protokol routing masih belum dikonfigurasi, kemudian: -Jadual routing akan hanya mengandungi rangkaian yang disambung secara langsung. -Hanya peranti rangkaian yang disambung secara langsung boleh dicapai.

  14. Jadual Routing (Routing Table) dan Protokol CDP (CDP Protocol)

  15. Jadual Routing (Routing Table) dan Protokol CDP (CDP Protocol)

  16. Jadual Routing (Routing Table) dan Protokol CDP (CDP Protocol)

  17. Jadual Routing (Routing Table) dan Protokol CDP (CDP Protocol)

  18. Jadual Routing (Routing Table) dan Protokol CDP (CDP Protocol) Menyemakthe route path dandevice avaliability Arahanpingdigunakanuntukmemeriksasambungan (connectivity) end to end devices Ping dibuatselepasmemeriksa status laluan (path)danperanti (device)menggunakan: show ip interface brief show iproute Jikaship brief tidakmenunjukkan “ UP and UP” do not ping Jikaship route tidakmenunjukkanalamatdestinasi ping do not ping

  19. Jadual Routing (Routing Table) dan Protokol CDP (CDP Protocol)

  20. Jadual Routing (Routing Table) dan Protokol CDP (CDP Protocol) CDP Lapisankedua (layer 2) cisco proprietary tool berkaitanperanti CISCO yang bersambungsecaralangsung(directly connected Cisco devices) Jiran(Neighbors) -2 jenis • Lapisan ke-3 (Layer 3) • Lapisan ke-2 (Layer 2)

  21. Jadual Routing (Routing Table) dan Protokol CDP (CDP Protocol) Arahanshow CDP • Show cdp neighbors - provides: • Neighbor device ID • Local interface • Holdtime value, in seconds • Neighbor device capability code • Neighbor hardware platform • Neighbor remote port ID • Show cdp neighbors detail -PemeriksaanuntukkesilapandalamkonfigurasiIP address

  22. Jadual Routing (Routing Table) dan Protokol CDP (CDP Protocol) Disabling CDP Router#no cdp run

  23. Static Routes with Exit Interfaces Static route Konfigurasi laluan (route) secara manual dari router kepada stub network

  24. Static Routes with Exit Interfaces Dissecting static route syntax - R1 to R2 R1(config)# ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.2 172.16.1.0 =Destination network address 255.255.255.0 - Subnet mask of destination network 172.16.2.2 – next- hop R1(config)# ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 Serial 0/0/0 comment (the DCE interface) 172.16.2.2 = Serial 0/0/0 interface on R2, "next-hop"

  25. Static Routes with Exit Interfaces • Konfigurasi laluan-laluan (routes) kepada 2 atau lebih untuk rangkaian jauh (remote networks) -R1(config)#ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.2 -R1(config)#ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.2

  26. Static Routes with Exit Interfaces 3 Principal routing Zinin’s • Principle 1: "Every router makes its decision, based on information in its routing table.“ • Principle 2: "The fact that one router has certain information in its routing table does not mean that other routers have the same information.“ • Principle 3: "Routing information about a path from one network to another does not provide routing information about the reverse, or return path."

  27. Static Routes with Exit Interfaces Using Zinin’s 3 routing principles answer the following? -Would packets from PC1 reach their destination to R2 or R3?

  28. Static Routes with Exit Interfaces Using Zinin’s 3 routing principles answer the following? -Would packets from PC1 reach their destination to R2 or R3? Yes, packets destined for 172.16.1.0/24 or 192.168.1.0/24 networks would reach their destination.

  29. Static Routes with Exit Interfaces Using Zinin’s 3 routing principles answer the following? -Will packets destined for 172.16.3.0/24 reach their destination?

  30. Static Routes with Exit Interfaces Using Zinin’s 3 routing principles answer the following? -Will packets destined for 172.16.3.0/24 reach their destination? No, because neither R2 nor R3 router has a route to the 172.16.3.0/24 network.

  31. Static Routes with Exit Interfaces Resolving to an Exit Interface -Recursive route lookup - Occurs when the router performs multiple lookups in the routing table before forwarding a packet. A static route that forwards all packets to the next-hop IP address goes through the this process (reclusive route lookup) • The router first matchs static route’s destination address with the Next hop address • The next hop address then is matched to an exit interface

  32. Static Routes with Exit Interfaces Configuring a Static route with an Exit Interface -Static routes configured with an exit interface are more efficient because the routing • table can resolve the exit in a single search rather than 2 searches R1(config)# ip route 172.16.2.2 Serial 0/0

  33. Static Routes with Exit Interfaces Modifying Static routes • Existing static routescannot be modified. The old static route must be deleted by placing noin front of the ip route • Example: no ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.2 • A new static route must be rewritten in the configuration

  34. Static Routes with Exit Interfaces Modifying Static routes

  35. Static Routes with Exit Interfaces Verifying the Static Route Configuration • Step 1 show running-config • Step 2 verify static route has been entered correctly • Step 3 show ip route • Step 4 verify route was configured in routing table • Step 5 issue ping command to verify packets can reach destination and that Return path is working

  36. Static Routes with Exit Interfaces • Ethernet interfaces and ARP. When a static route is configured on an Ethernet link -And a packet is sent to the next-hop router; then… • The destination MAC address will be the address of the next hop’s Ethernet interface • The MAC is found by the router the ARP table. • If an entry isn’t found then an ARP request will be sent out

  37. Summary and Default Route Summarizing routesreduces the size of the routing table. Route summarization is the process of combining a number of routes into a single route. These could be either static or dynamic routes

  38. Summary and Default Route Default Static Route • A route that will match all packets. Stub routers having a number of static routes all exiting the same interface are good candidates for a default route. -Like route summarization this will reduce the size of the routing table Configuring a default static route • Similar to configuring a static route. Except the destination IP address and subnet mask are all zeros • Example: -Router(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 [exit-interface | ip-address ]

  39. Summary and Default Route • Static routes and subnet masks The routing table lookup process will use the most specific match when comparing destination IP address and subnet mask • Default static routes and subnet masks A default static route mask is 0.0.0.0 therefore all packets will match.

  40. Static Routes and Packet Forwarding Packet forwarding with static routes at R1 R1’s Fastethernet 0/0 interface R1 does not have a route to the destination network, 192.168.2.0/24 R1 uses the default static route.

  41. Static Routes and Packet Forwarding

  42. Static Routes and Packet Forwarding

  43. Static Routes and Packet Forwarding Packet forwarding with static routes at R2 A packet arrives on the Serial 0/0/0 interface on R2 R2 has a static route to 192.168.2.0/24 via Serial0/0/1.

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