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Structural Classification of the Nervous System

Structural Classification of the Nervous System. 1. Central nervous system (CNS) 2. Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Cranial and spinal nerves. Functions of the Nervous System. 1. Sensory input – (PNS) 2. Integration (CNS) 3. Motor output (PNS).

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Structural Classification of the Nervous System

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  1. Structural Classification of the Nervous System • 1. Central nervous system (CNS) • 2. Peripheral nervous system (PNS) • Cranial and spinal nerves

  2. Functions of the Nervous System 1. Sensory input – (PNS) 2. Integration (CNS) 3. Motor output (PNS)

  3. Functions of Peripheral Nervous System (3 slides) • Sensory (afferent) division Figure 7.1

  4. Functions of Peripheral Nervous System • Motor (efferent) division • Two subdivisions - Somatic nervous system - Autonomic nervous system- 2 subdivisions • Sympathetic • Parasympathetic Figure 7.1

  5. Organization of the Nervous System Figure 7.2

  6. Compare/Contrast Motor Divisions SOMATIC NS AUTONOMIC NS 2 branches – sympathetic and parasympathetic Uses acetylcholine, epinephrine, norepinephrine

  7. Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems Figure 7.24

  8. Autonomic NS Branches • Parasympathetic- • Remember as the “D” division - digestion, defecation, and diuresis • Sympathetic – • Remember as the “E” division = extreme exercise, excitement, emergency, and embarrassment ** Both systems work in conjunction with one another to maintain homeostasis**

  9. Types of Supporting Cells • Neuroglia – Nerve Glue (supporting cells) • AKA – glial cells • Types • Astrocytes • Microglia • Ependymal • Oligodendrocytes • Schwann cells and Satellite Cells (PNS)

  10. CNS: Support Cells • Astrocytes • Microglia • Spider-like phagocytes Figure 7.3a

  11. CNS: Support Cells • Ependymal cells • Oligodendrocytes • Producemyelin sheath around nerve fibers Figure 7.3b–c

  12. PNS: Support Cells(2 major types) • 1. Satellite cells • 2. Schwann cells Figure 7.3e

  13. Nervous Tissue: Neurons • Neurons = nerve cells • Major parts of a neuron • Cell body – • Processes –

  14. Neuron Anatomy • Cell body • Nissl substance • Neurofibrils – Figure 7.4a

  15. Neuron Anatomy • Processes - • Dendrites – • Axons – Figure 7.4a

  16. Axons and Nerve Impulses Axons (cont’d) • Synaptic cleft • Synapse

  17. Nerve Fiber Coverings • Schwann cells – ? • Nodes of Ranvier – • Oligodendrocytes - ? Figure 7.5

  18. Label a neuron

  19. Vocab:CNS • CNS– contains mostly cell bodies • Gray matter – • Tracts - • White matter –

  20. Functional Classification of Neurons (3) • 1. Sensory (afferent) neurons (PNS) • Special Sense • Cutaneous sense organs • Proprioceptors – • 2. Association neurons (interneurons) • CNS • 3. Motor (efferent) neurons

  21. Neuron Classification Figure 7.6

  22. Video : Review “Creation of a Nerve Impulse” • Video: Review “Nerve impulse propagation”

  23. B NOTES

  24. 4 Main Regions of the Brain • 1. Cerebral hemispheres • 2. Diencephalon • 3. Brain stem • 4. Cerebellum • Brain song Figure 7.12b

  25. Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum) Cerebrum • Gyri (pl) – • Sulci (pl) – • Fissures – Figure 7.13a

  26. Lobes of the Cerebrum • Lobes of the cerebrum • Frontal lobe • Parietal lobe • Occipital lobe • Temporal lobe • Insula Insula

  27. Layers of the Cerebrum 3 slides • Cerebral cortex (Gray matter) Figure 7.13a

  28. Specialized Areas of the Cerebrum Speech, memory, consciousness, emotional and logical response, voluntary movement, interpretation of sensation Figure 7.13c

  29. Cerebral Cortices Notes

  30. Lobotomy

  31. Layers of the Cerebrum games • Cerebral White matter • Ex: corpus callosum connects hemispheres Figure 7.13a

  32. Layers of the Cerebrum • Basal nuclei (basal ganglia) – internal islands of gray matter Figure 7.13a

  33. Diencephalon – “interbrain” Diencephalon • Made of three parts • Thalamus • Hypothalamus • Epithalamus

  34. Diencephalon: Thalamus Thalamus

  35. Diencephalon: Hypothalamus Hypothalamus • Important autonomic n.s. center • part of the limbic system • Mammillary bodies (smell) hang off of hypothalamus

  36. Diencephalon: Epithalamus Epithalamus • Houses the pineal body (an endocrine gland-sleep/wake cycles)

  37. Review location/function on diencephalon Figure 7.15a

  38. Brain Stem Parts of the brain stem • Midbrain • Pons • Medulla oblongata

  39. Midbrain • Mostly tracts of nerve fibers • Cerebral peduncles- • ascend and descend impulses • Corpora quadrigemina -

  40. Pons(“bridge”) • Below midbrain

  41. Medulla Oblongata Contains vital visceral? control centers

  42. Review location/functions of 3 parts of brainstem

  43. Reticular formation – gray matter running length of brain stem • RAV – reticular activating system

  44. Cerebellum • balance and equilibrium

  45. Protection of the Central Nervous System Figure 7.16a

  46. Meninges – 3 layers • Dura mater – “tough or hard mother” • Periosteum – • Meningeal layer – • Arachnoid layer • Arachnoid villi – • Pia mater (deepest)

  47. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) • Similar to blood plasma • Formed by the choroid plexus? (epithalamus) • Hydrocephalus – • Corrected by shunts

  48. Blood Brain Barrier • Composed of the least permeable capillaries of the body Useless against some substances • Glucose and water • Fats and fat soluble molecules • Respiratory gases • Alcohol • Nicotine • Anesthesia

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