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Hormesis: What it Means for Toxicology, the Environment and Public Health

Explore the theory of hormesis, its definition, interpretations, dose-response patterns, mechanisms, and comparative studies in toxicology. Learn about hormetic responses and their significance in risk assessment.

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Hormesis: What it Means for Toxicology, the Environment and Public Health

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  1. Hormesis: What it Means for Toxicology, the Environment and Public Health Edward J. Calabrese, Ph.D Environmental Health Sciences School of Public Health University of Massachusetts

  2. Overview • How I Became Involved with Hormesis • Hormesis:Toxicological Foundations • Examples of Hormetic Responses • Comparison with Threshold Model • Hormesis and Risk Assessment

  3. Hormesis Definition: • Dose response phenomenon characterized by a low dose stimulation and a high dose inhibition. • Generally similar quantitative features with respect to amplitude and range of the stimulatory response. • May be directly induced or the result of compensatory biological processes following an initial disruption in homeostasis.

  4. HORMESIS Interpretation: • Issue of beneficial/harmful effects should not be part of the definition of hormesis. • This assessment should be reserved for a subsequent evaluation of the biological and ecological context of the response.

  5. A Response B Response Dose • The most common form of the hormetic dose-response curve depicting low-dose • stimulatory and high-dose inhibitory responses, the - or inverted U-shaped curve. • The hormetic dose-response curve depicting low-dose reduction and high-dose • enhancement of adverse effects, the J- or U-shaped curve.

  6. Hormesis and Evaluative Criteria Assessing the Dose-Response Continuum: • LOAEL-defining the toxic phase of the dose response • NOAEL (or BMD)-defining the approximate threshold • Below NOAEL (or BMD) doses-number and range • Concurrent Control

  7. Hormesis and Assessment Criteria Dose Response Patterns Statistical Significance Replication of Findings

  8. Evidence of Hormesis General Summary: • Hormesis databases: thousands of dose responses indicative of hormesis • Hormesis is a very general phenomenon: independent of model, endpoint and agent • Frequency of hormesis: far more frequent than threshold model in fair head-to-head comparisons

  9. Dose Response Features Stimulation Amplitude: • Modest • 30-60% Greater Than Control • Usually Not More Than 100% Greater Than The Control

  10. Stimulatory Range ~75 % - Within 20-Fold of NOAEL ~20% - >20<1000-Fold of NOAEL ~<2% - > 1000-Fold of NOAEL

  11. Maximum response (averages 130-160% of control) Distance to NOAEL (averages 5-fold) NOAEL Control Hormetic Zone (averages 10- to 20-fold) Increasing Dose Dose-response curve depicting the quantitative features of hormesis

  12. Hormetic Mechanisms Many studies have provided mechanistic explanations to account for observed hormesis responses; Each mechanism is unique to the model, tissue, endpoint and agent Some general examples: Often existence of opposing receptors

  13. Methanol and Fruit Fly Longevity

  14. Gamma Rays and Mouse Lung Adenomas

  15. Transforming Growth Factor-Beta and Human Lung Fibroblasts

  16. Effects of Acute Ethanol on Overall Social Activity of Adolescent Rats Tested on Postnatal Day 30

  17. * * * * * * * Effect of X-rays on the Root Length of Carnation Cuttings *

  18. * * Effect on Growth of Salt Marsh Grass

  19. Comparative Dose Response Relationships for the Pain Threshold for Vocalization

  20. * * * * * * * Effect of Different Doses of Morphine on PTZ-induced Seizure Threshold

  21. * * * Alcohol and Rat Serum Levels

  22. * * * MCPA + OAT SHOOT GROWTH

  23. Effects of Metals on Phagocytosis in the Clam, Mya arenaria, hemocytes

  24. Effect of Sodium Arsenate on PHA-treated Bovine Lymphocytes

  25. * * * Effect of Gamma Rays on the Life Span of Female House Crickets * * * *

  26. * * * * Effect of Acridine on the Number of Broods per Daphnid * *

  27. Effect of Mistletoe Lectin on Human Tumors in Culture

  28. Effects of Ten Estradiol A-ring Metabolites on Endothelial Cells from Human Umbilical Veins

  29. Effect of Plumbagin on Human Granulocyte Phagocytosis

  30. Effect of Tin (II) on MTT Conversion in C6 Glioma Cells

  31. * * * * * Number of Open Arm Entries in the Elevated Plus Maze in Male C57BL/6 Mice Treated with DHEA *

  32. * * * The Effects of Allixin on the Survival of Primary Cultured Hippocampal Neurons from Embryonic (E18) Wistar Rats *

  33. * * * * * The Effects of Methyl Mercury on Viability as Measured by Mitochondrial Dehydrogenase Activity in the D407 Cell Line *

  34. Effects of the Disinfectant Byproduct MX on the Occurrence of DNA Damage in the Comet Assay Using Rat Liver Epithelial Cell Line WB-F344

  35. Effects of n-Hexane on DNA Damage in Human Lymphocytes in the Comet Assay

  36. Effects of As2O5 on Total Chromosomal Aberrations in Human Leukocytes

  37. Effects of X-rays on Chromosomal Aberrations (i.e., Dicentrics) in Human Lymphocytes (pooled results of four donors and six laboratories)

  38. Effect of DDT on Liver Foci Formation in Male F344 Rats

  39. Bladder Tumor Incidence Adjusted for Time in ED01 Megamouse Study

  40. Hormetic or Threshold Which Dose Response Is More Common?

  41. The Threshold Model Prediction: Random Bounce Below the Threshold as Practically Defined by the NOA(E)L or BMD

  42. The Hormesis Model • Predicts that responses to doses in the below toxic threshold zone should be non-randomly distributed • The non-randomness should be reflected in the frequency of responses above and below the control value and in the magnitude of the deviation from the control

  43. Hypothesis Evaluation Dose-Response Evaluation Criteria Entry Criteria: Estimate a LO(A)EL Estimate a NO(A)EL or BMD One or more doses below NO(A)EL or BMD

  44. Testing Threshold Model Predictions Three Separate Database Evaluations: • Toxicological Literature - multiple models/endpoints - reviewed 21,000 articles with entry criteria to yield 800 dose responses • Yeast Cell Strains - 13 strains/2,200-57,000 dose responses-cell proliferation • E. coli – approximately 2,000 chemicals tested over 11 concentrations - cell proliferation

  45. 100 90 Threshold ModelPredictedMean 80 70 60 Mean Cumulative Percent of Chemicals 50 PredictionInterval 95% 40 30 20 10 -10 0 10 30 40 50 60 70 -20 20 Percent Difference From Control Growth

  46. 100 BMD10.0 90 BMD 7.5 80 70 BMD 5.0 BMD 2.5 60 Cumulative Percent of Chemicals 50 40 30 20 10 0 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Percent Difference From Control Growth

  47. Threshold Model Inconsistencies • Below threshold responses do not provide evidence of random bounce • Non-random responses clearly predominate • The non-random responses discredit the Threshold Dose Response Model • Findings are consistent with the Hormetic Dose Response Model

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