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Nuclear Power Overview

Explore the history, operation, and environmental impact of the San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station in Southern California. Learn about nuclear power generation, safety measures, radiation exposure, and community impact.

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Nuclear Power Overview

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  1. San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station Eric M. Goldin Southern California Edison Nuclear Power Overview

  2. Outline • Nuclear Power in the U.S. and in California • Fission - How do we use nuclear power to generate electricity • Fission Product Barriers – Safety: Defense in Depth • Radiation – it’s everywhere • Our Environment – benefits and impacts • Security – pre- and post-9/11

  3. 103 Nuclear Power Reactors

  4. California’s MajorInvestor-Owned Utilities PG&E 23,100 MW Peak Demand 4.5 Million Customers SCE 20,000 MW Peak Demand 4.3 Million Customers SDG&E 4,800 MW Peak Demand 1.2 Million Customers

  5. San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station (SONGS) • 257 Acres leased from Camp Pendleton • 60 Miles North of San Diego • 70 Miles South of LA • Generates Electricity for 2.3 Million Homes and Businesses

  6. SONGS 1 History • San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station (SONGS) 1, started construction: 1964 • Commercial Operation: 1968 • Cost: $90 million • Operated: 1968-1992 • Retired and remained idle: 1992 - June 1999 • Started Decommissioning: June 1999 (approximately 25% complete) • Nuclear Steam System Supplier: Westinghouse • Turbine / Contractor Supplier: Westinghouse • Electrical Output: 450 Megawatts 9

  7. SONGS 2 and 3 • SONGS 2 & 3, started construction: 1974 • Commercial Operation: August 1983 - Unit 2 April 1984 - Unit 3 • Cost: $4.5 billion • Licensed to operate: 2022 • Nuclear Steam System Supplier: Combustion Engineering • Turbine / Contractor Supplier: English Electric • 1,150 Megawatts each • 2.3 million homes power (combined) 10

  8. Fission Process • Uranium 235 • Atoms split into two or more fission fragments generating heat and additional neutrons. • Not capable of exploding.

  9. Uranium Fuel Pellet Size: 1/3” x 1/2”= Energy Content of: • 150 gallons gasoline • 1780 pounds coal • 16,000 cubic feet natural gas • 2 1/2 tons wood • Pellet = trillions of uranium atoms

  10. Three Water Systems • Primary Loop • Secondary Loop • Sea Water System

  11. Uranium Fuel RodBarrier #1 • Fuel Rod is diameter of finger, 13 ft. long • 384 Pellets sealed into 1 Rod • 236 Rods = 90,860 Pellets = 1 Assembly • 217 Assemblies = 1 Reactor Core Fuel Assembly(Scale Model)

  12. Reactor Vessel,Barrier #2 • Weight: 452 tons • Height: 43 ft. 6 in. • Diameter: 14 ft. 4 in. • Thickness: 8 in. Fuel Assemblies (Core)

  13. Containment DomesBarrier #3 • Inside Diameter: 150’ • Inside Height: 170’ • Concrete: 4 1/3’ Sides, 3 1/4’ Dome, 7’ Floor • Steel Lining: 1/4” • Design Pressure: 60 psig (car tire = 32 psig)

  14. Radiation • Alpha • Beta • Gamma • Neutron

  15. Sources of Radiation Exposure (Natural) • Cosmic - Sun • Terrestrial - Rocks, Wood • Food, water & air we consume all contain small amounts of radiation

  16. Sources of Radiation Exposure (man-made) • Medical X-rays • Watch Dials • Smoke Detectors • Television • Medical tests w/radioactive materials

  17. Environmental Benefits • Produces no greenhouse gases • Reduces air pollutants • Reduces our dependence on coal, natural gas, oil. • 100+ nuclear plants in U.S. = eliminating 93 million cars from U.S. roads

  18. Wind 0.5% Geothermal 1.3% Solar < 0.1% Hydro 26.5% Nuclear 71.6% U.S. Sources of Emission-Free Generation (2000) Source: EIA

  19. Drawing water from ocean for cooling steam kills fish (equivalent to what 10 sea lions eat). Discharging water to ocean creates cloudy water & damages kelp growth. Occurs at all power plants located near oceans, rivers and lakes. Environmental Impact (Damage)

  20. Environmental Impact - Mitigation • SONGS Fish Elevator (90% survive) • Kelp reef • Fish Hatchery • Del Mar Lagoon • Cost Estimate = $118 million • >$250 million on studies & intake design

  21. Community Impact • About $20 million in property tax. • Employee payroll of more than $200 million. • Donate to local charities more than $300k and 1000’s hrs. community service. • Provide tours & presentations to >5000 people/yr.

  22. Nuclear Power Plant Safety and Security

  23. Security Boundaries Owner Controlled Area Protected Area Vital Area

  24. Multiple Layers of Protection

  25. Comparative Size of Targets WTC 208’ Wide 1,353’ Tall Containment Building 130’ Wide 160’ Tall Spent Fuel Pool 80’ wide 40’ tall Dry Casks 10’ wide 20’ tall (12 depicted) Pentagon 1,489’ Wide (921’ per side) 71’Tall

  26. Courtesy of Sandia National Laboratories (no audio)

  27. DEFENSE IN DEPTH - Concentric Circles of Protection Owner Controlled Area Site Boundary Fence, Armed Officers at Gates, Roving Patrol, Vehicle Barriers, Terrain Barriers, camera for Security Entrance Access System (SEAS) Protected Area CCTV Cameras, Active Vehicle Barrier System, Vehicle Search, Intrusion Detection, Armed Officers, Hand Geometry/Card Reader, Metal Detectors, X-Ray Machines, Explosive Detectors, Tamper Indicators, Personnel Searches, Access Control, Posted Armed Officers , Continual Behavioral Observation Program Vital Area Protection Intrusion Detection, Armed Officers, CCTV Cameras, Tamper Indicators, Continual Behavioral Observation Program, Card Reader Access Control Physical Building Structure Alarmed doors, Posted Armed Officers, CCTV Cameras, Body Bunkers TARGET

  28. Owner Controlled Area Gates (OCA)

  29. 1. Search Train Process 2. Protected Area (PA) Access • Key Card Access • Biometrics verification using hand • Explosive Detectors • Metal Detectors • X-Ray Machines • Hand Searches

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